BS 499-1-2009 Welding terms and symbols nPart 1 Glossary for welding brazing and nthermal cutting《焊接术语和符号 焊接、钎焊和热切割用术语表》.pdf

1、raising standards worldwideNO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWBSI British StandardsWB9423_BSI_StandardColCov_noK_AW:BSI FRONT COVERS 5/9/08 12:55 Page 1Welding terms and symbolsPart 1: Glossary for welding, brazing and thermal cuttingBS 499-1:2009NO COPYING WITHOUT

2、 BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LALicensed Copy: Wang Bin, ISO/EXCHANGE CHINA STANDARDS, 13/03/2009 03:00, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSIPublishing and copyright informationThe BSI copyright notice displayed in this document indicates when the document was last issued BSI 2008ISBN 978 0

3、 580 58471 8ICS 01.040.25; 25.160.01The following BSI references relate to the work on this standard:Committee reference WEE/1Draft for comment 08/30162761 DCPublication historyFirst published August 1933Second edition June 1939Third edition October 1952Fourth edition October 1965Fifth edition Novem

4、ber 1983Sixth edition February 1991Seventh edition December 2008Amendments issued since publicationDate Text affectedBRITISH STANDARDBS 499-1:2009Licensed Copy: Wang Bin, ISO/EXCHANGE CHINA STANDARDS, 13/03/2009 03:00, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSIContentsForeword v1 Scope 1Section 1. Terms common to m

5、ore than one section 2Section 2. Terms relating to welding with pressure 19Subsection 21. Terms relating to more than one subsection 19Subsection 22. Terms relating only to resistance welding 28Subsection 23. Terms relating only to friction welding 47Subsection 24. Terms relating only to pressure we

6、lding 48Subsection 25. Terms relating only to diffusion welding 48Subsection 26. Terms relating only to explosive welding 49Subsection 27. Terms relating only to friction stir welding 49Section 3. Terms relating to fusion welding (welding withoutpressure) 57Subsection 31. Terms relating to more than

7、 one subsection 57Subsection 32. Terms relating only to arc welding 87Subsection 33. Terms relating only to gas welding 98Subsection 34. Terms relating only to electron beam welding 103Subsection 35. Terms relating only to light radiation welding 106Subsection 36. Terms relating only to aluminotherm

8、ic welding 107Subsection 37. Terms relating only to electro-slag welding 109Section 4. Terms relating to braze welding and brazing 110Subsection 40. Terms relating only to braze welding 110Subsection 41. Terms relating only to brazing 111Section 5. Terms relating to testing 113Section 6. Terms relat

9、ing to weld imperfections 118Section 7. Terms relating to cutting 123Subsection 70. Terms relating to more than one subsection 123Subsection 71. Terms relating only to oxygen cutting 126Subsection 72. Terms relating only to arc cutting 128Subsection 73. Terms relating only to spark erosion cutting 1

10、28Subsection 74. Terms relating only to electron beam cutting 129Subsection 75. Terms relating only to laser cutting 129Section 8. Terms relating to health and safety 130Bibliography 131Index 133List of figuresFigure 1 Chart of derivation of welding processes viFigure 2 Chart of derivation of brazin

11、g processes viiFigure 3 Chart of derivation of thermal cutting processes viiFigure 4 Root, fusion penetration, weld junction and zones of typicalwelds 3Figure 5 Preparation for square butt weld 7Figure 6 Preparation for butt weld between plates with raisededges 7Figure 7 Preparation for single bevel

12、 butt weld with backing 9Figure 8 Configuration for double-covered lap joint 10Figure 9 Configuration for single lapped joint 11Figure 10 Preparation for single V-butt weld 12Figure 11 Oxy-fuel gas pressure welding 20BS 499-1:2009BRITISH STANDARDBSI 2008.iLicensed Copy: Wang Bin, ISO/EXCHANGE CHINA

13、STANDARDS, 13/03/2009 03:00, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSIFigure 12 Examples of series spot welding 22Figure 13 Forms of projection welds 25Figure 14 Typical example of weld made using pressure Double rowof staggered, spaced spot welds 26Figure 15 Typical example of weld made using pressure Projectionw

14、eld 26Figure 16 Foil butt-seam weld 27Figure 17 Weld nugget 28Figure 18 Typical example of weld made using pressure Resistancespot welds 28Figure 19 Typical example of weld made using pressure Seamweld 29Figure 20 Mash weld 29Figure 21 Nail head welding 30Figure 22 Vertical centre electrode 31Figure

15、 23 Vertical offset electrode 31Figure 24 Angle offset electrode 32Figure 25 Cranked offset electrode 32Figure 26 Time and pressure diagram for simple spot, stitch, orprojection welding 35Figure 27 Time and pressure diagram for pulsation spot or projectionwelding 35Figure 28 Time and pressure diagra

16、m for spot or projection welding,programme control 36Figure 29 Time and pressure diagram for pulsation spot or projectionwelding, programme control 36Figure 30 Time and pressure diagram for spot welding, programmecontrol with dual-pressure cycle 30Figure 31 Time and pressure diagram for seam welding

17、 30Figure 32 Time and pressure diagram for step-by-step seamwelding 38Figure 33 Time and pressure diagram for roller spot welding 38Figure 34 Time and pressure diagram for step-by-step roller spotwelding 39Figure 35 Time and platen movement diagram for straight flashwelding 39Figure 36 Generalized d

18、iagram of speed, applied force, axialmovement and time for continuous drive friction welding 40Figure 37 Generalized diagram of speed, applied force and axialmovement with time for stored energy friction welding 42Figure 38 Angle centre electrode 45Figure 39 Swan-necked electrode 45Figure 40 Basic p

19、rinciple of friction stir welding 50Figure 41 Macrosection of a butt weld showing incompletepenetration 50Figure 42 Heel and heel plunge depth 51Figure 43 Adjustable probe tool 51Figure 44 Fixed bobbin tool 52Figure 45 Self-reacting bobbin tool 52Figure 46 Cross-section of a friction stir weld 54Fig

20、ure 47 Tool shoulder footprint visible at the exit hole 54Figure 48 Cross-section of friction stir lap weld showing undesirable/extreme plate thinning on the retreating side and a hook feature onthe advancing side of the weld 56Figure 49 Example of back-step sequence 57Figure 50 Sketches of types of

21、 joints, types of weld(s) and weldpreparations 58BS 499-1:2009 BRITISH STANDARDii.BSI 2008Licensed Copy: Wang Bin, ISO/EXCHANGE CHINA STANDARDS, 13/03/2009 03:00, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSIFigure 51 Gap, root face, root radius, land, included angle and angleof bevel for typical weld preparations 64F

22、igure 52 Examples of toes, legs, weld widths and fusion faces 66Figure 53 Actual, effective, design and maximum throat thickness oftypical welds 67Figure 54 Examples of excess weld metal 68Figure 55 Welding positions: slope (S) 70Figure 56 Schematic diagram of main welding positions 70Figure 57 Simp

23、lified view of main welding positions 71Figure 58 Comparison of UK (USA) and ISO welding positions 71Figure 59 Weld preparation using a fusible insert 73Figure 60 Typical example of butt weld General view of buttweld 75Figure 61 Preparation for double-bevel T-butt welds 76Figure 62 Typical example o

24、f multi-run fusion weld Double V-buttweld 77Figure 63 Preparation for fillet weld (T-joint) 77Figure 64 Typical examples of multi-run fusion welds 79Figure 65 Preparation for single U-butt weld 80Figure 66 Typical example of fusion weld Single V-butt weld 81Figure 67 Typical example of fusion weld F

25、illet weld 82Figure 68 Weave technique 84Figure 69 Example of skip sequence 84Figure 70 Examples of block sequences 85Figure 71 Roots of typical weld preparations 86Figure 72 Penetration bead 86Figure 73 Self-shielded tubular-cored arc welding 92Figure 74 Surge reignition 94Figure 75 Types of rectif

26、ication 95Figure 76 Neutral oxy-acetylene flame 98Figure 77 Carburizing oxy-acetylene flame 99Figure 78 Carburizing oxy-acetylene flame for a hard surfacingapplication 99Figure 79 Oxidizing oxy-acetylene flame 99Figure 80 Leftward welding 99Figure 81 Rightward welding 99Figure 82 All-position rightw

27、ard welding 102Figure 83 Diagrammatic representation of a diode gun 104Figure 84 Diagrammatic representation of a triode gun 104Figure 85 Diagrammatic representation of a back-bombardedgun 105Figure 86 Basic equipment for aluminothermic welding 108Figure 87 Electro-slag welding 109Figure 88 Bell but

28、t joint 110Figure 89 Diminishing bell butt joint 110Figure 90 Short bell branch joint 111Figure 91 U-tensile test specimen 115Figure 92 Cruciform test pieces 115Figure 93 Method of obtaining cruciform test specimen 116Figure 94 Tongue-bend test specimen 116Figure 95 Shear test piece 117Figure 96 Inc

29、ompletely filled groove 118Figure 97 Undercut 118Figure 98 Lack of sidewall fusion 119Figure 99 Lack of root fusion 119Figure 100 Lack of inter-run fusion 119Figure 101 Incomplete root penetration 119BS 499-1:2009BRITISH STANDARDBSI 2008.iiiLicensed Copy: Wang Bin, ISO/EXCHANGE CHINA STANDARDS, 13/0

30、3/2009 03:00, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSIFigure 102 Excess penetration bead 121Figure 103 Root concavity 121Figure 104 Shrinkage groove 121Figure 105 Drag 124Figure 106 Single-cantilever cutting machine 125Figure 107 Double-cantilever cutting machine 125Figure 108 Extended boom single-cantilever cutt

31、ing machine 125Figure 109 Portal cutting machine 125Figure 110 Double-portal cutting machine 126Figure 111 Portal-cantilever cutting machine 126List of tablesTable 1 Terms and symbols for main welding positions 69Summary of pagesThis document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages ito

32、 viii, pages 1 to 142, an inside back cover and a back cover.BS 499-1:2009 BRITISH STANDARDiv.BSI 2008Licensed Copy: Wang Bin, ISO/EXCHANGE CHINA STANDARDS, 13/03/2009 03:00, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSIForewordPublishing informationThis part of BS 499 is published by BSI and came into effect on 31Dec

33、ember 2008. It was prepared by Technical Committee WEE/1,Definition and symbols for welding. A list of organizationsrepresented on this committee can be obtained on request to itssecretary.SupersessionThis part of BS 499 supersedes BS 499-1:1991, which is withdrawn.Relationship with other publicatio

34、nsThis standard has been aligned, as far is as practicable, with existingEuropean and international lists of terms and definitions for welding,including BS EN 1792:2003, PD CEN/TR 14599, BS ISO 857 (all parts)and BS EN 13622. There might not be full agreement with standardsthat have not been adopted

35、 as British Standards. Where it was feltthat an existing definition needed clarification, this has been donewhile striving to not contradict the existing definition. As far aspracticable, the numbering system used in this standard follows thatof BS EN 1792:2003 with new numbers allocated to terms th

36、at are notin the European standard.Where definitions are based on those in a European or internationalstandard, the identifier of the original standard is given in squarebrackets after the definition.BS 499 is published in two parts, with a supplement to this part:*Part 1: Glossary for welding, braz

37、ing and thermal cutting*Part 1, Supplement: Definitions for electric welding equipment*Part 2c: European arc welding symbols in chart formNOTE 1 BS 499-1, Supplement is a reproduction of IEV 50 (851):1991.NOTE 2 BS 499-2c is based on BS EN 22553.Information about this documentThis is a full revision

38、 of the standard, and introduces the followingprincipal changes:Charts showing the derivation of welding, cutting and allied processesare given in Figure 1, Figure 2 and Figure 3.Commonly used friction stir welding terms are included in the newSection 27.Contractual and legal considerationsThis publ

39、ication does not purport to include all the necessaryprovisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correctapplication.Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligations.BS 499-1:2009BRITISH STANDARDBSI 2008.vLicensed Copy: Wang Bin, ISO/EXCHANGE CHINA STANDARDS

40、, 13/03/2009 03:00, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSIBS 499-1:2009 BRITISH STANDARDvi.BSI 2008Licensed Copy: Wang Bin, ISO/EXCHANGE CHINA STANDARDS, 13/03/2009 03:00, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSIBS 499-1:2009BRITISH STANDARDBSI 2008.viiLicensed Copy: Wang Bin, ISO/EXCHANGE CHINA STANDARDS, 13/03/2009 03:00,

41、Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSIBS 499-1:2009 BRITISH STANDARDviii.BSI 2008 This page deliberately left blank.Licensed Copy: Wang Bin, ISO/EXCHANGE CHINA STANDARDS, 13/03/2009 03:00, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI1 ScopeThis standard provides terms, symbols and definitions for welding,brazing and thermal cutt

42、ing of metals. Some definitions might alsoapply to non-metals.It does not cover mechanically fastened or adhesive bonded joints.This standard is intended for designers, those drafting weldingspecifications, welding production, manufacturers and inspectionpersonnel.Preferred and equivalent terms are

43、given in bold type. Non-preferredterms are given in medium type. Deprecated terms are indicated assuch.BS 499-1:2009BRITISH STANDARDBSI 2008.1Licensed Copy: Wang Bin, ISO/EXCHANGE CHINA STANDARDS, 13/03/2009 03:00, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSISection 1. Terms common to more than one sectionNo. Term De

44、finition10 001 welding joining process in which two or more parts are unitedproducing a continuity in the nature of the workpiecematerial(s) by means of heat or pressure or both, and with orwithout the use of filler material10 002 weld union of pieces of material resulting from welding10 003 welder

45、operator who performs or controls the welding process10 004 welding operator person who controls fully mechanized or automatic fusionwelding processes10 005 welding plantwelder: deprecatedapparatus for providing and controlling energy, andmovement if necessary, for making a weld10 006 welding proces

46、s particular method of welding involving the application ofcertain metallurgical, electrical, physical or mechanicalprinciples10 007 manual welding welding where the electrode holder, welding hand gun, torchor blowpipe is manipulated by hand10 008 partly mechanized welding manual welding where the w

47、ire feed is mechanized10 010 mechanized welding welding in which the welding parameters are maintainedwithin a suitable tolerance by mechanical or electronic meansand which may be manually varied during the weldingprocess to create the required welding conditions10 011 automatic welding welding in w

48、hich all operations are preset and performedautomatically during the process10 012 strength weld weld designed to withstand stress10 013 parent metalbase metal: deprecatedmetal to be joined or surfaced by welding, braze welding orbrazing (See Figure 4.)10 014 filler metal welding consumable added du

49、ring welding to form the weld10 015 filler wirewelding wirefiller material in the form of a wire which may or may not be apart of the welding circuit10 016 filler rodwelding rod: deprecatedfiller material in the form of a rod which may or may not be apart of the welding circuit10 017 flux material used during welding, brazing or braze welding tocl