1、BRITISH STANDARDBS 5502-40: 2005Buildings and structures for agriculture Part 40: Code of practice for design and construction of cattle buildingsICS 65.040.10g49g50g3g38g50g51g60g44g49g42g3g58g44g55g43g50g56g55g3g37g54g44g3g51g40g53g48g44g54g54g44g50g49g3g40g59g38g40g51g55g3g36g54g3g51g40g53g48g44g
2、55g55g40g39g3g37g60g3g38g50g51g60g53g44g42g43g55g3g47g36g58BS 5502-40:2005This British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 16 September 2005 BSI 16 September 2005First published, as BS 5502-2.2 and BS 5502-2.5, 1981Second edition, as BS 5502-4
3、0, December 1990Third edition 16 September 2005The following BSI references relate to the work on this standard:Committee reference B/549Draft for comment 05/30125796 DCISBN 0 580 46623 XCommittees responsible for this British StandardThe preparation of this British Standard was entrusted to Technic
4、al Committee B/549, Agricultural buildings and structures, upon which the following bodies were represented:ADAS UK LtdBritish Commercial Glasshouse Manufacturers AssociationBritish Precast Concrete Federation LtdBritish Veterinary AssociationCold Rolled Sections AssociationDepartment of the Environ
5、ment, Food and Rural AffairsEnvironment AgencyFibre Cement Manufacturers Association LtdGalvanizers AssociationHealth and Safety ExecutiveInstitution of Structural EngineersRoyal Institute of British ArchitectsRoyal Institution of Chartered SurveyorsRural Design and Building AssociationSilsoe Resear
6、ch InstituteScottish Executive Environment and Rural Affairs DepartmentSteel Construction InstituteAmendments issued since publicationAmd. No. Date CommentsBS 5502-40:2005 BSI 16 September 2005iContentsPageCommittees responsible Inside front coverForeword ii1Scope 12 Normative references 13 Terms an
7、d definitions 14 Animal welfare considerations 25 Design and construction 26 Environment 67 Dimensions and space 88 Feeding and drinking arrangements 139 Services 1410 Ancillary accommodation 1511 Fire precautions 1912 Safety signs and notices 19Bibliography 20Figure 1 Concrete floor with hexagonal
8、pattern 3Figure 2 Concrete floor with parallel grooves 4Figure 3 Concrete floor with square pattern 5Table 1 Optimum environmental conditions for cattle 5Table 2 Maximum gas concentrations 7Table 3 Levels of lighting for cattle buildings 7Table 4 Minimum area allowance for dairy cattle on solid floo
9、rs 8Table 5 Minimum area allowance for beef cattle on solid floors 8Table 6 Minimum area allowance for beef cattle on fully slatted, perforated or mesh floors 9Table 7 Minimum bedded area allowance for loose-housed calves 9Table 8 Minimum air space for housed calves 9Table 9 Individual pen sizes for
10、 calves 10Table 10 Minimum dimensions of cubicles for cows 11Table 11 Minimum dimension of cubicles for young stock (including beef) 11Table 12 Bedded area allowance for single suckler cow and calf (excluding creep area) 12Table 13 Dimensions of cubicles for suckler cows 12Table 14 Bedded area allow
11、ance for calves in calf creep 12Table 15 Width of feeding face required for cattle eating simultaneously 13Table 16 Production of waste by cattle 15Table 17 Required number of calving places per 100 cows 15BS 5502-40:2005ii BSI 16 September 2005ForewordThis Part of BS 5502 has been prepared by Techn
12、ical Committee B/549. It supersedes BS 5502-40:1990 which is withdrawn. This revision takes into account the new regulations on the welfare of farmed animals and current advances in livestock handling research.BS 5502 has been structured into the following broad subject areas: Part 0: Introduction a
13、nd consolidated index; Parts 10 to 19: Reference information and legislation; Parts 20 to 39: General design; Parts 40 to 59: Livestock buildings; Parts 60 to 79: Crop buildings; Parts 80 to 99: Ancillary buildings.More specifically, reference information and legislation is covered in: Part 11: Guid
14、e to regulations and sources of information.A more detailed description of the structure of BS 5502 is given in Part 0.The object of the structure is to allow subject areas to be broadly characterized, and related subject matter, whether in the form of recommendations, guidance or supporting data, t
15、o be rationalized and brought together. It will also allow sufficient flexibility to enable BS 5502 to be expanded and developed in a logical way in the future.It has been assumed in the drafting of this British Standard that the execution of its provisions is entrusted to appropriately qualified an
16、d experienced people, for whose guidance it has been prepared.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application.Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations.Summar
17、y of pagesThis document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i and ii, pages 1 to 20, an inside back cover and a back cover.The BSI copyright notice displayed in this document indicates when the document was last issued.BS 5502-40:2005 BSI 16 September 200511 ScopeThis Part of BS 55
18、02 gives recommendations for buildings used for the housing of cattle, and more specifically for the housing of dairy cows, beef cattle, bulls, young stock and calves.The recommendations are not applicable to milking parlours.NOTE 1 Data on milking parlours can be obtained in BS 5502-49 and BS ISO 3
19、918, BS ISO 5707 and BS ISO 6690.NOTE 2 BS 5502-11 provides guidance and further information regarding legislative requirements.2 Normative referencesThe following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For u
20、ndated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.BS 5502-20, Buildings and structures for agriculture Part 20: Code of practice for general design considerations.BS 5502-21, Buildings and structures for agriculture Part 21: Code of practice for sele
21、ction and use of construction materials.BS 5502-22, Buildings and structures for agriculture Part 22: Code of practice for design, construction and loading.BS 5502-23, Buildings and structures for agriculture Part 23: Fire precautions Code of practice.BS 5502-25, Buildings and structures for agricul
22、ture Part 25: Code of practice for design and installation of services and facilities.BS 5502-51, Buildings and structures for agriculture Part 51: Code of practice for design and construction of slatted, perforated and mesh floors for livestock.BS 5502-81, Buildings and structures for agriculture P
23、art 81: Code of practice for design and construction of chemical stores.BS 6100 (all parts), Glossary of building and civil engineering terms.BS 8000 (all parts), Workmanship on building sites.3 Terms and definitionsFor the purposes of this British Standard, the terms and definitions given in BS 610
24、0 and the following apply.3.1 calfbovine animal up to 6 months old3.2 young stockbovine animals, from 6 months to 24 months for cows, and 6 months to 12 months for bullsBS 5502-40:20052 BSI 16 September 20054 Animal welfare considerationsNOTE Attention is drawn to the provisions of the various curre
25、nt Codes of recommendations applying in England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland for the welfare of cattle, and the various statutory regulations, including the Welfare of Farmed Animals Regulations 1, 2, 3, 4 that apply in the various countries of the UK. BS 5502-11 provides guidance and furth
26、er information regarding legislative requirements.4.1 The welfare of cattle should be assessed in the context of the guidelines known as the “Five Freedoms” as follows.a) Freedom from hunger and thirst by ready access to fresh water and a diet to maintain full health and vigour.b) Freedom from disco
27、mfort by providing an appropriate environment including shelter and a comfortable resting area.c) Freedom from pain, injury or disease by prevention or rapid diagnosis and treatment.d) Freedom to express normal behaviour by providing sufficient space, proper facilities and company of the animals own
28、 kind.e) Freedom from fear and distress by ensuring conditions and treatment which avoid mental suffering.4.2 All buildings should be designed, constructed and maintained so as to avoid discomfort, distress or injury to cattle. All fittings and surfaces accessible to livestock should not be harmful
29、to livestock and should not have sharp edges or projections and fittings should be arranged so as to avoid injury. All buildings should be capable of being cleaned and disinfected.4.3 Cows, replacement heifers or calves should not be kept on a fully slatted, perforated or mesh floor. A solid floor a
30、rea incorporating straw or other suitable bedding should be provided to ensure comfort and to reduce the risk of injury to the udders and hocks of all cattle.4.4 In accommodation for cows, it is essential to provide separate solid floored bedded pens for use at calving time, and a solid floored cree
31、p area with bedding should be available for the calves, where cows with calves at foot are grouped together. Calves should have access to a well-bedded and dry-lying area.4.5 Cattle housed on slats with rubberized or cushioned surfaces should have access to adequate areas of hard surfacing to provid
32、e foot abrasion.4.6 All yards, pens and passageways should be kept in good condition.5 Design and construction5.1 DesignThe building or structure should be designed and constructed in accordance with the general principles and recommendations given in BS 5502-20, BS 5502-21, BS 5502-22, BS 5502-23 a
33、nd BS 5502-25.Pens, isolation boxes and other accommodation for the housing of fractious animals should be robust in construction and have safeguards for the protection and escape of stockpersons. Particular attention should be paid to the housing of bulls (see 10.5 and 10.6).5.2 OccupancyThe types
34、and ages of the cattle to be housed, and periods during which the various parts of the building or buildings are subject to human occupation should be taken into account in the design in accordance with BS 5502-22.BS 5502-40:2005 BSI 16 September 200535.3 General construction of buildingsAll surface
35、s and fittings that could come into contact with cattle should be free from projections, edges or perforations that could cause damage, pain or injury to cattle.5.4 Floors5.4.1 GeneralFloors, to which stock have access, should have a slip resistant surface. However, this should not be abrasive nor a
36、llow moisture to accumulate so creating a risk of ice patches.5.4.2 New concrete floorsTo provide slip resistance for cattle walking in all directions, and to eliminate the risk of high pressures on the hoof, new concrete floors should be designed with grooves either in a pattern of regular hexagons
37、 or in parallel lines.NOTE A pattern of regular hexagons on flooring is supported by research carried out by CIGR as reported in The design of dairy cow housing 5.The hexagonal pattern should consist of regular hexagons with (46 4) mm sides separated by grooves (10 1) mm wide and a minimum 6 mm deep
38、 as shown in Figure 1.The parallel lines should be spaced (40 4) mm between centres, with grooves (10 1) mm wide and a minimum 6 mm deep as shown in Figure 2. Where the direction of cattle movement is known, parallel grooves should be used at right angles to the movement of the cattle.Dimensions in
39、millimetresFigure 1 Concrete floor with hexagonal pattern10 146 4BS 5502-40:20054 BSI 16 September 20055.4.3 Existing concrete floorsExisting concrete floors should be treated to create grooves in parallel lines or in a pattern of regular squares.The parallel lines should be spaced (40 4) mm between
40、 centres, with grooves (10 1) mm wide and a minimum 6 mm deep as shown in Figure 2.The square pattern should consist of regular diamonds or squares with (40 4) mm sides separated by grooves (10 1) mm wide and a minimum 6 mm deep as shown in Figure 3. The use of diamond cutters is recommended to avoi
41、d aggregate becoming exposed and risking damage to feet.NOTE Square patterned grooves on concrete floors are less preferable as they are not as effective in preventing high pressure on the animals hoofs.Dimensions in millimetresKey1 Direction of cattle movementFigure 2 Concrete floor with parallel g
42、rooves10 140 41BS 5502-40:2005 BSI 16 September 200555.4.4 Solid floors not walked onSolid floors not walked on, e.g. floors under slatted areas, should have a smooth surface to aid drainage and cleaning.5.4.5 Slatted, perforated and mesh floorsAll slatted, perforated and mesh floors should be desig
43、ned in accordance with BS 5502-51.5.5 Walls and roof5.5.1 Walls for certain types of cattle buildings (e.g. strawed yards) might not need a damp-proof membrane and consequently, their design should be influenced by: a) whether manure can accumulate against them (for further guidance on the design, s
44、ee BS 5502-22); andb) whether they will be subject to impact from stock or mechanical handling equipment. Walls should provide adequate draught protection at stock level.5.5.2 Cladding above the side-walls should be such as to exclude the worst effects of wind, rain and snow, whilst allowing for the
45、 optimum ventilation (see Table 1).Table 1 Optimum environmental conditions for cattleDimensions in millimetresFigure 3 Concrete floor with square patternStock Temperature range Maximum air speed at stock level in winterVentilation rate per kilogram liveweightC m/s m3/h/kgCalves 7 to 30 0.25 0.38 to
46、 0.9aAdult cattle 3 to 25 0.25 0.19minimum in winter0.4minimum in summeraIn any event, the minimum ventilation rate for calves up to 3 months should be 40 m3/h/calf in winter and 100 m3/h/calf in summer.10 140 4BS 5502-40:20056 BSI 16 September 20055.5.3 The internal wall surface should be capable o
47、f being cleaned and disinfected effectively, which is essential for calf and isolation accommodation.5.5.4 The exterior roof colouring of all livestock buildings should be taken into account, as light colours have solar reflective advantages over dark colours and reduce the likelihood of solar heat
48、gain within the building.5.6 WorkmanshipWorkmanship should be in accordance with BS 8000.6 Environment6.1 GeneralCattle, other than calves under 3 months, can adapt to a variety of environmental conditions. Housed stock, however, have less opportunity to choose a location suitable to their needs. Th
49、e overwhelming need is for good ventilation rather than warm conditions. However, draughts and wet conditions need to be avoided.The energy balance of the animal is affected by temperature, air speed, relative humidity, wetness of animal coat and of lying surfaces, feed intake, and the availability of dry bedding. Dairy cows have a thermoneutral zone (a comfort zone) within which they work best. At either end of this comfort zone are critical temperatures at which t
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