1、BRITISH STANDARD BS 5502-75: 1993 Incorporating Amendment No. 1 Buildings and structures for agriculture Part 75: Code of practice for the design and construction of forage stores UDC 631.24:624.04:633.1/.4 NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWBS 5502-75:1993 This Br
2、itish Standard, having been prepared under the direction of the Technical Sector Board for Building and Civil Engineering (B/-), was published under the authority of the Standards Board and comes into effect on 15 September 1993 BSI 5 March 2002 The following BSI references relate to the work on thi
3、s standard: Committee reference B/549 Draft for comment 92/18099 DC ISBN 0 580 22182 2 Committees responsible for this British Standard The preparation of this British Standard was entrusted by the Technical Sector Board for Building and Civil Engineering (B/-) to Technical Committee B/549, upon whi
4、ch the following bodies were represented: British Cement Association British Commercial Glasshouse Manufacturers Association British Precast Concrete Federation Ltd. British Veterinary Association Department of Agriculture Northern Ireland Health and Safety Executive Institution of Civil Engineers L
5、ocal Authority Organizations Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food National Farmers Union National Rivers Authority Royal Institute of British Architects Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors Scottish Office (Agriculture and Fisheries Department) Silsoe Research Institute Steel Construction
6、 Institute Transport and General Workers Union Water Services Association of England and Wales Amendments issued since publication Amd. No. Date Comments 13544 5 March 2002 Indicated by a sidelineBS 5502-75:1993 BSI 5 March 2002 i Contents Page Committees responsible Inside front cover Foreword ii 1
7、S c o p e 1 2 References 1 3 Definitions 1 4G e n e r a l 1 5 Statutory provisions 2 6S i t i n g a n d s i z i n g 2 7 Design, materials and construction 3 8 Fire precautions, safety and welfare 5 9 Safety signs and notices 6 Index 7 List of references 8BS 5502-75:1993 ii BSI 5 March 2002 Foreword
8、This Part of BS 5502, including amendment A1, has been prepared under the direction of the Technical Sector Board for Building and Civil Engineering and comprises a new Part of BS 5502. BS 5502 has been restructured into the following broad subject areas: Part 0: Introduction and consolidated index;
9、 Parts 10 to 19: Reference information and legislation; Parts 20 to 39: General design; Parts 40 to 59: Livestock buildings; Parts 60 to 79: Crop buildings; Parts 80 to 99: Ancillary buildings. More specifically, the crop building series will comprise: Part 60: Code of practice for the design and co
10、nstruction of production buildings for mushrooms; Part 65: Code of practice for the design and construction of buildings for processing and packaging horticultural produce; Part 66: Code of practice for the design and construction of buildings for chitting potatoes; Part 70: Code of practice for the
11、 design and construction of ventilated stores on floor for the storage of combinable crops; Part 71: Code of practice for the design and construction of ventilated stores for potatoes and onions; Part 72: Code of practice for the design and construction of controlled environment stores for vegetable
12、s, fruit and flowers; Part 74: Code of practice for the design and construction of bins and silos for combinable crops. A more detailed description of the structure of BS 5502 is given in Part 0. The object of introducing the new structure is to allow subject areas to be broadly characterized, and r
13、elated subject matter, whether in the form of recommendations, guidance or supporting data, to be rationalized and brought together. It will also allow sufficient flexibility to enable BS 5502 to be expanded and developed in a logical way in the future. It has been assumed in the drafting of this Pa
14、rt of BS 5502 that the execution of its provisions is entrusted to appropriately qualified and experienced people, for whose guidance it has been prepared. A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their
15、correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i and ii, pages 1 to 9 and a back cover. This BSI copyright notice displayed in this document indica
16、tes when the document was last issued. Sidelining in this document indicates the most recent changes by amendment.BS 5502-75:1993 BSI 5 March 2002 1 1 Scope This Part of BS 5502 gives recommendations for the design and construction of forage stores. It does not include recommendations for the design
17、 of forage tower silos, which are covered in BS 5061. 2 References 2.1 Normative references This Part of BS 5502 incorporates, by reference, provisions from specific editions of other publications. These normative references are cited at the appropriate points in the text and the publications are li
18、sted on page 8. Subsequent amendments to, or revisions of, any of these publications apply to this Part of BS 5502 only when incorporated in it by updating or revision. 2.2 Informative references This Part of BS 5502 refers to other publications that provide information or guidance. Editions of thes
19、e publications current at the time of issue of this standard are listed on page 9, but reference should be made to the latest editions. 3 Definitions For the purposes of this British Standard, the definitions given in BS 6100 apply, together with the following. 3.1 forage store a building or structu
20、re used to store herbage feed for stock 3.2 silage store a building or structure for storing and ensiling a green crop which is fermented by the exclusion of air NOTE Ensiling is an alternative method to drying for preserving green forage crops for future consumption. The crop most commonly ensiled
21、is grass, but maize, kale, root tops, oats, rye or pea haulm can also be ensiled. The crop is preferably wilted and chopped, loaded into the store, compressed, and as far as possible sealed against ingress of moisture and outside air. In the absence of oxygen, fermentation takes place and the result
22、ant product does not deteriorate rapidly, is palatable to stock, and retains much of the nutrient value of the original fodder. 3.3 controlled waters waters that are covered by the Water Resources Act 1991 and which include underground waters, ponds, lakes, ditches, streams, rivers, coastal waters a
23、nd land drains 4 General NOTE The functions of forage storage structures are maintenance of feed material free from contamination in a sound condition and the control of pollution caused by liquid run-off; in addition, for silage, the creation of an environment where controlled fermentation can take
24、 place. Quality is maintained by storage methods and subsequent protection of the fodder. Mechanical environmental controls are not usually required. 4.1 Type of storage NOTE 1 Forage can be stored in heaps on the floor, in bunkers with retaining walls, or in tower silos. The type of store should be
25、 determined by the following factors: a) the type of produce to be stored; b) the method of loading and unloading; c) the method, if any, of mechanical compaction; d) the feeding system used (i.e. self-feed or transported to stock). NOTE 2 The store can be located in the open or under a roof. A roof
26、 will protect the forage and reduce the amount of rainwater being added to effluent run-off. Bunker walls should be designed and constructed to retain the crop and provide restraint during compaction or unloading. Floors should be provided unless the forage is baled or bagged within an impermeable m
27、embrane.BS 5502-75:1993 2 BSI 5 March 2002 4.2 Use of stores Forage stores should not be used for other purposes, e.g. fertilizer storage and housing of stock, where this would give rise to contamination of the feed. 5 Statutory provisions 5.1 Attention is drawn to the statutory provisions listed in
28、 5.2 which are relevant to the design and construction of forage stores. Planning legislation is detailed in BS 5502-11. 5.2 Effluent collection and storage from silage stores built or substantially enlarged after September 1991 is governed by the Control of Pollution (Silage, Slurry and Agricultura
29、l Fuel Oil) Regulations 1991 1. The detailed provisions are set out in Schedule 1 of the Regulations. They may be summarized as follows. a) It is essential that the National Rivers Authority (NRA) is notified prior to use. b) It is essential that there is proper provision for the collection and stor
30、age of all silage effluent. c) It is essential that effluent tanks, collection systems and store floors should be impermeable and resistant to silage effluent attack. d) It is essential that stores should be constructed with an external perimeter effluent channel. NOTE 1 The Control of Pollution (Si
31、lage, Slurry and Agricultural Fuel Oil) (Scotland) Regulations 1991 2 allow for the use of lined earth banks. e) Stores need not have walls, but where they do those walls should be designed to resist the loads in accordance with BS 5502-22. Signs that state the design limits should be fixed to the w
32、alls. f) It is essential that storage structures have a minimum service life of 20 years, subject to routine maintenance, except for below-ground silage effluent tanks which should have a minimum required service life of 20 years without maintenance. NOTE 2 The Control of Pollution (Silage, Slurry a
33、nd Agricultural Fuel Oil) (Scotland) Regulations 1991 2 require that below-ground silage effluent tanks have a minimum durability life of 20 years with proper maintenance. g) It is essential that no part of the storage structure retaining effluent should be within 10 m of controlled waters, except w
34、here contained in an impermeable pipe. Effluent control from other types of store or silage stores built prior to September 1991 is governed by other pollution regulations (see BS 5502-11). 6 Siting and sizing 6.1 Siting Consideration should be given to the general requirements for siting (see BS 55
35、02-20). In particular, consideration should be given to the following: a) a level site where there is no risk of flooding from groundwater, waste waters or surface waters; b) ease of access to relevant stock housing for outloading and from field for loading; c) for silage stores, a site at a distanc
36、e greater than 10 m from controlled waters except where contained in an impermeable pipe; d) ease of access for handling equipment; e) ground with adequate bearing capacity; f) allowance for future expansion.BS 5502-75:1993 BSI 5 March 2002 3 6.2 Sizing 6.2.1 Capacity Stores should be adequately siz
37、ed, which for a crop harvested on the holding should be either the maximum practical harvest from the land area and type available or, for bought-in fodder, the specified capacity. Due allowance should be made for variations in density of the stored product. The following should be considered in est
38、imating the capacity needed: a) the number of stock to be fed; b) the proposed daily ration and the duration of the feeding period; c) the availability of crops; d) the anticipated rate and method of fill. NOTE The total capacity needed can be provided in individual stores or in adjacent stores with
39、 division walls. 6.2.2 Width Where a product is to be mechanically handled, the width of the store should allow adequate manoeuvring space. NOTE 1 A width of 9.0 m is usually considered acceptable. For self-feeding by adult cattle, widths of accessible face should be based on the following allowance
40、s for silage: a) for 24 h access: 175 mm per cow (100 cows or more) increasing to 200 mm per cow (40 cows or fewer); b) for limited access: 300 mm per cow (100 cows or more) increasing to 450 mm per cow (40 cows or fewer); c) for restricted access: 600 mm per cow (100 cows or more) increasing to 900
41、 mm per cow (40 cows or fewer). NOTE 2 For further information on feed face width, see BS 5502-40. 6.2.3 Length Where a crop is to be mechanically compacted, the length of a store should allow for ramping of the crop and for manoeuvring space to allow safe entry and egress of the compaction plant. N
42、OTE A safe ramp angle is considered to be 1 : 3 or less. 6.2.4 Height Where a store is roofed, the height of the roof, framework haunches and any gable cladding should be such as to allow the safe working of loading, unloading and, where applicable, compaction by plant with roll-over protection in p
43、lace. The depth of the storage should be within the following ranges: a) for self-feed systems, no greater than 1.8 m; b) for mechanically compacted feed, no greater than 4 m above external ground level for safe working; c) for other systems, such as blown filling, limited by the structural performa
44、nce of the walls. 7 Design, materials and construction 7.1 General 7.1.1 The design and choice of materials for forage stores should be in accordance with BS 5502-20, BS 5502-21, BS 5502-22, BS 5502-23 and BS 5502-25. Silage stores should be to minimum classification class 2. 7.1.2 Foundations, supp
45、ort structures and retaining walls should be designed and constructed to withstand loads from the stored crops, environmental conditions, mechanical transport and, where applicable, dynamic loads from means of compaction (see BS 5502-22).BS 5502-75:1993 4 BSI 5 March 2002 7.1.3 Structures should be
46、designed to minimize differential settlement, deflection and structure movement that could cause fracturing of the surfaces and permit moisture ingress or egress so putting the stored product at risk, or polluting controlled waters. 7.1.4 All parts of the structure should be constructed in accordanc
47、e with BS 8000. 7.2 Materials 7.2.1 General Materials and treatments used should be resistant to any likely attack from chemicals, ground conditions or effluent (see BS 5502-21). Surfaces and any surface treatments should be resistant to any probable mechanical abrasions. For stores where the crop i
48、s fermented, i.e. silage, materials should also be resistant to increases in temperature and thermal gradient. NOTE The temperature generated by fermentation can be up to 50 C. 7.2.2 Exposure All surfaces and elements in contact with silage effluent should be categorized as subject to very severe ex
49、posure. 7.2.3 Choice of materials Materials and treatments used in the construction should not impart odour or taint to the fodder or be harmful to the stock if digested. 7.2.4 Durability Floors, effluent channels and effluent tanks should remain impermeable, with proper maintenance for the design life. Silage effluent tanks where below ground should remain impermeable for the design life without maintenance, except in Scotland where provision for maintenance is allowed. 7.2.5 Concrete Where the structure is required to be impermeable, it sh
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