1、| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | BRITISH STANDARD BS 6336 : 1998 ICS 13.220
2、.40; 13.220.50 NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAW Guide to the development of fire tests, the presentation of test data and the role of tests in hazard assessmentBS 6336 : 1998 This British Standard, having been prepared under the direction of the Health and Envir
3、onment Sector Board, was published under the authority of the Standards Board and comes into effect on 15 February 1998 BSI 1998 The following BSI references relate to the work on this standard: Committee reference FSH/3 Draft for comment 95/542867 DC ISBN 0 580 29506 0 Amendments issued since publi
4、cation Amd. No. Date Text affected Committees responsible for this British Standard The preparation of this British Standard was entrusted to Technical Committee FSH/3, Harmonization of fire hazard assessment, upon which the following bodies were represented: Consumer Policy Committee of BSI Departm
5、ent of Trade and Industry Consumer Safety Unit, C A Division Health and Safety Executive Home Office Loss Prevention Council Society of British Aerospace Companies LimitedBS 6336 : 1998 BSI 1998 i Contents Page Committees responsible Inside front cover Foreword ii Introduction 1 1 Scope 1 2 Referenc
6、es 1 3 Definitions 1 4 Advice about fire behaviour 3 5 Fire hazard 3 6 The role of fire tests 4 7 The relationship between fire tests and fire safety engineering 5 8 Mathematical models 5 9 Development of fire tests 6 10 Fire test terminology 8 11 Use of fire test results 9 12 Drafting of fire test
7、method standards 10 13 Presentation of fire test results for professional and technical purposes 11 14 Hazard control systems 11 15 Presentation of information 12 16 Recommendations 12 Annexes A (informative) How fire behaves, physics and chemistry 14 B (informative) General information on fire safe
8、ty engineering 17 C (informative) The assessment of fire hazard and risk 17 D (informative) Examples of examination of fire hazard 19 E (informative) Nature of fire tests 19 F (informative) Mathematical modelling of fires 20 G (informative) Further details of fire hazard components 20 H (informative
9、) Details of criteria for choice of fire tests 22 J (informative) Advice on the expected needs of users of fire tests 24 K (informative) Examples of fire test limitation clauses 25 Table A.1 General classification of fires 14 Figures 1 Factors affecting acceptability of hazard 4 2 Role of fire tests
10、 in answering questions of magnitude 5 3 Flowchart for test and specification development 7 4 Terminology: principle and examples 8 5 Terminology: formation of test titles 9 A.1 Hazard concepts for tests: relationships to fire phenomena, materials and assemblies 15 G.1 Hazard components for tests: r
11、elationship to the code of practice on fire safety engineering subsystems 22 List of references 26ii BSI 1998 BS 6336 : 1998 Foreword This British Standard was prepared under the direction of Technical Committee FSH/3. It supersedes BS 6336 : 1982 which is withdrawn. The first edition of BS 6336 was
12、 published in 1982 and was derived from DD 64 : 1979. By 1995, BS 6336 needed to be revised to take account of developments in the subject, particularly in the areas of fire safety engineering and terminology. The major changes were to restructure the document so that the guidance was contained in t
13、he main body of the document and the descriptive elements were separated into annexes. In addition the term hazard concept was rephrased as hazard component. The guidance in this British Standard is generally in line with the approach to fire testing being developed in the International Organization
14、 for Standardization (ISO), though in some respects it may not accord with the national practices of other countries. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i a
15、nd ii, pages 1 to 26, an inside back cover and a back cover. BSI 1998 1 BS 6336 : 1998 1) Taken from ISO/IEC Guide 52 Introduction There are over 450 000 fires each year in the UK and the cost is high: about 700 lives lost, many thousands of serious injuries and hundreds of millions of pounds worth
16、of direct damage. A wide variety of materials, products, structures and assemblies is involved and for a number of years much concern has been expressed, both in the UK and internationally, over the use of inappropriate and possibly misleading results from fire test methods to assess the behaviour o
17、f such objects in fires. There has also been concern over the use of misleading fire terminology and the misuse of fire test data, particularly small-scale test results, as the sole indicators of fire safety. It is hoped that the use of this British Standard will ensure in the interests of public sa
18、fety that no one will misrepresent facts about fire tests or use their results in such a way as to give a false impression of fire safety. This British Standard is intended to help anyone who prepares a specification or code of practice involving a material or product that can ignite, burn or overhe
19、at to take due account of any fire hazard which may arise from the use of that material or product. This it does by indicating the steps which are necessary in designing or updating fire tests, and by showing how the results should be applied in fire engineering and other fields. This British Standa
20、rd gives guidance to those concerned with maintaining acceptable standards of safety from fire and those concerned in any way with fire tests, fire test data and fire hazard assessment. It is intended to help writers of specification standards; standards, regulatory and enforcement bodies; fire safe
21、ty engineers; designers and architects; manufacturers and fabricators; wholesalers and retailers; safety managers; consumer advice services and educational bodies; and any group which needs to use fire terminology. The standard is also intended to help anyone purchasing, specifying or using material
22、s or products to understand the need to consider the possible fire hazard and the way in which fire tests may help in assessing that fire hazard. It will help them too to understand the need to consider any special precautions that may be required for the safe use of these items in specific environm
23、ents. Fire tests in isolation can never guarantee fire safety. 1 Scope This British Standard provides guidance on the development and use of fire tests, including advice on the circumstances when new tests should be standardized. It sets the need for fire tests into the context of the assessment of
24、fire hazard. Recommendations on the use of related terminology are included as is a qualitative outline of fire theory. 2 References 2.1 Normative references This British Standard incorporates, by dated or undated reference, provisions from other publications. These normative references are made at
25、the appropriate places in the text and the cited publications are listed on page 26. For dated references, only the edition cited applies; any subsequent amendments to, or revisions of, the cited publication apply to this British Standard only when incorporated in the reference by amendment or revis
26、ion. For undated references, the latest edition of the cited publication applies, together with any amendments. 2.2 Informative references This British Standard refers to other publications that provide information or guidance. Editions of these publications current at the time of issue of this stan
27、dard are listed on page 26, but reference should be made to the latest edition. 3 Definitions For the purposes of this British Standard, the following definitions apply. NOTE. Some of the technical terms used in this standard are not defined elsewhere. However, where definitions have been extracted
28、or derived from another source, that source is given. 3.1 assembly Unit or structure composed of a combination of materials or products or both. 1) 3.2 fire a) Process of combustion characterized by the emission of heat and effluent accompanied by flame, and/or glowing. b) Rapid combustion spreading
29、 uncontrolled in time and space. 1) 3.3 fire hazard Potential for injury and/or damage from fire. 1) 3.4 fire model/modelling Simulation of some aspects of fire by mathematical or physical means.2 BSI 1998 BS 6336 : 1998 1) Taken from ISO/IEC Guide 52 3.5 fire resistance (time) Ability of an assembl
30、y, part or structure, to fulfil for a stated period of time the required load bearing capacity, fire integrity, thermal insulation and/or other functions, specified in a fire resistance test standard. NOTE. Fire resistant (adjective) refers only to this ability. 3.6 fire risk Product of: a) the prob
31、ability of occurrence of a fire to be expected in a given technical operation or state; and b) the consequence or extent of damage to be expected on the occurrence of a fire. 1) 3.7 fire scenario Description of conditions, including environmental, of one or more of the stages from before ignition to
32、 the completion of combustion in an actual fire at a specific location, or in a full scale simulation. 1) 3.8 fire test Procedure designed to measure or assess the response of an object to conditions simulating one or more aspects of fire. 3.9 flame (verb) To undergo combustion in the gaseous phase
33、with emission of light. 1) 3.10 flame (noun) Zone of combustion in the gaseous phase usually with emission of light. 1) 3.11 flashover Rapid transition from a localized fire to the combustion of all exposed surfaces within a room or compartment. 3.12 flashback (backdraft, backdraught) Rapid transfor
34、mation from a fuel rich fire to general combustion in an enclosure, that has been triggered by some change in circumstances which makes new supplies of oxygen available. 3.13 hazard component Characteristic type of behaviour which is capable of contributing to a fire hazard. 3.14 ignition risk Proba
35、bility that, if a source of heat is allowed into close proximity or contact with a combustible material, ignition will result. 3.15 intermediate-scale test Test performed on an item of intermediate dimensions. NOTE. A test performed on a specimen of which the maximum dimension is between 1 m and 3 m
36、 is usually called an intermediate-scale test. 1) 3.16 large-scale test Test which cannot be carried out in a typical laboratory chamber, performed on a product or a test specimen of large dimensions. NOTE. A test performed on a specimen of which the maximum dimension is greater than 3 m is usually
37、called a large-scale test. 1) 3.17 life risk (from fire) Probability that, if a fire occurs, an individual or individuals will suffer death or serious injury. 3.18 property risk (from fire) Probability that, if a fire occurs, damage to property of a given magnitude will result. 3.19 real scale test
38、Test which simulates a given application which takes into account the real scale, the real way of working or set up, and the use environment. 1) 3.20 risk of fire spread Probability of a fire, once started, growing to a size and character that could produce life risk or property risk or both. 3.21 s
39、creening test Test used for ascertaining whether a material, product or structure exhibits (or not) certain unusual or expected characteristics according to a standardized test method. 1) 3.22 small-scale test Test, which can be carried out in a typical laboratory chamber, performed on a product or
40、test specimen of small dimensions. NOTE. A test performed on a specimen of which the maximum dimension is less than 1 m is usually called a small-scale test. 1) 3.23 smouldering Slow combustion of material without visible light and generally evidenced by smoke and an increase in temperature. 1) 3.24
41、 toxic hazard (from fire) Potential for injury or loss of life by exposure to toxic effluent in fires, with respect to their potency, quantity, concentration and duration of exposure. 1) 3.25 toxic potency a) Measure of the amount of toxicant required to elicit a specific toxic effect. NOTE. The sma
42、ller the amount required, the greater the potency. 1) b) As applied to inhalation of smoke or its component gases; a quantitative expression relating to concentration and exposure time to a particular degree of adverse physiological response, for example, death, on exposure of humans or animals. BSI
43、 1998 3 BS 6336 : 1998 1) Taken from ISO/IEC Guide 52 3.26 toxic risk Product of a) the probability of occurrence of a toxic hazard to be expected in a given technical operation or state; and b) the consequence or extent of injury to be expected on the occurrence of a toxic hazard. 1) 3.27 toxicity
44、a) Inherent properties of a substance to produce adverse effects upon a living organism (irritation, narcosis, death, etc). 1) b) Propensity of a substance to produce adverse biochemical or physiological effect. 3.28 unacceptable hazard A degree of hazard that is regarded by society in general as to
45、o great to occur repeatedly. 4 Advice about fire behaviour A brief introduction to fire behaviour is given in annex A. The first step to be taken by anyone concerned about fire hazards is to obtain expert advice. A fire expert can advise in general terms about how, when and where fires are likely to
46、 start and to develop. It is essential that decisions about how such general principles should be applied in a given situation should only be taken by people fully conversant with the technical details and likely usage or application of materials and components in that situation. As an illustration
47、of this, a fire specialist will be able to point to the likely ignition sources that could start a fire in the combustible materials in a car. Examples of the fuels available are the upholstery covering and padding, the floor and head covering, the wiring insulation and the petrol or diesel fuel for
48、 the engine. The specialist can also advise on how a fire, once started, could spread, and on measures to prevent this. However, only someone familiar in detail with the construction of cars will be able to identify the materials used, how exactly they will behave and the possibility of substituting
49、 materials with different fire properties. Thus, joint consultation is needed to determine the likelihood of a fire starting, the chances of its developing and the feasible means of halting the fires progress. In this context the criteria of feasibility are suitability of non-fire behaviour, economic viability, ready availability, ease of manufacture etc. Similar considerations apply wherever a fire could start and develop. This general approach of interdisciplinary consultation has been formalized in DD 240 : Part 1 : 1997. This subject is outlined in annex B and it
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