1、BRITISH STANDARD BS 7190:1989 Method for Assessing thermal performance of low temperature hot water boilers using a test rig UDC 697.326:536.6.004.15:621.785.9:622.23.055:620.1BS7190:1989 This British Standard, having been prepared under the directionof the Refrigeration, Heating and Air Conditionin
2、g Standards Policy Committee, waspublished under the authorityof the Board of BSIandcomes into effect on 31December 1989 BSI 12-1999 The following BSI references relate to the work on this standard: Committee reference RHE/10 Draft for comment 88/70991 DC ISBN 0 580 17475 1 Committees responsible fo
3、r this British Standard The preparation of this British Standard was entrusted by the Refrigeration, Heating and Air Conditioning Standards Policy Committee (RHE/-) to Technical Committee RHE/10, upon which the following bodies were represented: Associated Offices Technical Committee Association of
4、British Solid Fuel Appliances Manufacturers Association of Shell Boilermakers Boiler and Radiator Manufacturers Association Limited British Coal Corporation British Combustion Equipment Manufacturers Association British Foundry Association British Gas plc Building Services Research and Information A
5、ssociation Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers Department of Energy (Energy Efficiency Office) Department of the Environment (Property Services Agency) Domestic Solid Fuel Appliances Approval Scheme Engineering Equipment and Materials Users Association Health and Safety Executive In
6、stitute of Domestic Heating Engineers Institution of Chemical Engineers Society of British Gas Industries Waterheater Manufacturers Association Amendments issued since publication Amd. No. Date of issue CommentsBS7190:1989 BSI 12-1999 i Contents Page Committees responsible Inside front cover Forewor
7、d ii 1 Scope 1 2 Definitions 1 3 Test facilities 2 4 Instrumentation and measurements 3 5 Test fuels 5 6 Installation and adjustment 5 7 Test preparation 6 8 Test conditions 6 9 Test duration 6 10 Test operation 6 11 Calculations 7 12 Report 11 Appendix A Report data 14 Appendix B Test rig 17 Figure
8、 1 Test rigs for hot water boilers operating below a temperature of 100 C 18 Figure 2 Test flues 19 Figure 3 Equipment for determination of water-side resistance 20 Figure 4 Measurement system for distillate fuel oils 21 Table 1 Measurement tolerances 3 Table 2 British Standards for sampling and ana
9、lysis of fuels 6 Table 3 Symbols, definitions and units 11 Publications referred to Inside back coverBS7190:1989 ii BSI 12-1999 Foreword This British Standard has been prepared under the direction of the Refrigeration, Heating and Air Conditioning Standards Policy Committee. It supersedes DD 65-1:19
10、79 and DD 65-2:1982 which are withdrawn. Due to the lack of authoritative information on the testing of boilers using test rigs for certain applications, the conversion of the Draft for Development into a British Standard has resulted in a restriction of the scope to hot water boilers having a rated
11、 heat output up to 600 kW only. The test procedure detailed in this British Standard requires that boilers be connected to a test rig having closely defined characteristics. It is therefore intended that the tests be carried out in manufacturers test facilities or in independent test stations. For o
12、n-site thermal performance assessment of boilers for steam, hot water and high temperature heat transfer fluids, reference should be made to BS 845-1 and BS 845-2. In order not to conflict with the work of CEN 1)in the field of oil-fired boilers, it has been necessary to restrict the scope of this s
13、tandard. However, pending the publication of a European standard covering oil-fired boilers up to 300 kW rated heat output, users of this standard will find the information contained useful when determining the specific requirements for such boilers. A British Standard does not purport to include al
14、l the necessary provisions of a contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pagesi andi
15、i, pages1 to22, an inside back cover and a back cover. This standard has been updated (see copyright date) and may have had amendments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amendment table on the inside front cover. 1) European Committee for Standardization.BS7190:1989 BSI 12-1999 1 1 Scope 1.
16、1 This British Standard describes a procedure for assessing the thermal performance of low temperature hot water boilers which are intended for central heating or indirect hot water supply and which are fired with solid, liquid or gaseous fuels. The thermal efficiency is obtained by the direct metho
17、d of test and is established to within a tolerance of 2% points 2) . Flue gas losses and loss due to combustibles in ash, where applicable, are determined by measurement. Surface heat losses and other unmeasured losses are derived by difference. Procedures are also included to determine the associat
18、ed characteristics of water-side resistance and gas-side resistance. 1.2 This standard applies to boilers designed to operate at flow temperatures not exceeding 100 C, with rated heat output between 44 kW and 600 kW when used with one or more of the following fuels: a) smokeless solid fuels, e.g. co
19、ke or anthracite, fired by means of automatic combustion appliances; b) bituminous coal fired by means of mechanical stokers; c) gaseous fuels of the 2nd and 3rd families (seeBS 4947); and with rated heat output between 300 kW and600kW when used with liquid fuels of the classes specified in BS 2869.
20、 1.3 This standard does not apply to steam boilers or to boilers pressurized by steam. NOTEThe titles of the publications referred to in this standard are listed on the inside back cover. 2 Definitions For the purposes of this standard the following definitions apply. 2.1 rated heat output the heat
21、output(s) to the water in unit time, declared by the manufacturer, of which the boiler is capable during continuous operation 2.2 combustion equipment giving a steady heat release rate operation of the boiler over extended periods limited only by the need to carry out servicing and maintenance of th
22、e combustion equipment and/or boiler 2.3 combustion equipment giving cyclic variations in heat release due to periodic refuelling or de-ashing operations, e.g. manually de-ashed underfeed stokers operation of the boiler for the test period, defined by the manufacturer, for which it is capable of giv
23、ing the rated heat output 2.4 turn down ratio the ratio of maximum and minimum fuel inputs for continuous firing in unit time as specified by the manufacturer. Turn down ratio can also be expressed in terms of boiler output provided the appropriate efficiencies are known 2.5 ancillary energy the ele
24、ctrical (or other) energy required for mechanical draught, firing equipment, oil pumping, gas boosting, solid fuel handling and ash handling, circulation in boiler flow/return by-passes and boiler controls 2.6 convertible boilers (solid, liquid and gaseous fuels) boilers designed to burn more than o
25、ne specified category of fuel separately where a changeover necessitates dismantling and erection of the necessary firing equipment NOTERecommissioning by a qualified person may be necessary. 2) One percentage point is one hundredth of the total amount concerned, in this instance, the heat input.BS7
26、190:1989 2 BSI 12-1999 2.7 changeable boilers (solid, liquid and gaseous fuels) boilers designed to burn more than one specified category of fuel separately where a changeover can be made by the user without major alteration, e.g. simple electrical switching, or the swivelling of oil and gas burners
27、 2.8 water-side resistance the pressure loss which occurs in the boiler between the flow and return connection of the boiler at the water flow rate and at a specific difference between flow and return temperatures corresponding to the rated output 2.9 gas-side resistance the pressure difference crea
28、ted across the boiler by the flow of combustion gases 2.10 combustion space the space provided in the design of the boiler in which combustion takes place 2.11 gross calorific value the amount of heat liberated by the complete combustion, under specified conditions, of unit volume of a gas or unit m
29、ass of a solid or liquid fuel in the determination of which the water produced by combustion of the fuel is assumed to be completely condensed and its latent and sensible heat made available NOTEFurther information on calorific values of fuel was made available in BS 526 (now withdrawn). It is envis
30、aged that the material contained in BS 526 will be revised and published as a new British Standard in due course. 2.12 net calorific value the amount of heat generated by the complete combustion, under specified conditions, of unit volume of a gas or unit mass of a solid or liquid fuel in the determ
31、ination of which the water produced by the combustion of the fuel is assumed to remain as a vapour NOTEFurther information on calorific values of fuel was made available in BS 526 (now withdrawn). It is envisaged that the material contained in BS 526 will be revised and published as a new British St
32、andard in due course. 2.13 direct procedure the determination of thermal performance by direct measurement of the heat output and the determination of thermal efficiency by comparison with the thermal input 2.14 thermal input the heat release rate of the firing equipment based on the amount of fuel
33、burnt in unit time and its calorific value. For pre-heated liquid fuels, the sensible heat in the fuel above ambient temperature is also included in the thermal input 2.15 thermal efficiency the thermal output divided by the thermal input and expressed as a percentage 3 Test facilities 3.1 General T
34、he design and construction of the test rig, the selection of measuring instruments and the methods for determining the thermal input and output of the boiler shall be such that the error in determining the thermal efficiency does not exceed2 percentage points. 3.2 Test room The test room shall be ve
35、ntilated.BS7190:1989 BSI 12-1999 3 NOTE 1It is important that the test room is adequately ventilated but there should be no draughts likely to affect performance of the firing equipment and no undue fluctuation of the ambient temperature during testing. NOTE 2In determining the necessary ventilation
36、, account should be taken of other firing equipment that may be in use at the same time as the boiler under test. 3.3 Test rig For test purposes the boiler shall be connected to a test rig which is capable of allowing it to be operated at the specified output and with the desired flow and return tem
37、peratures. (See clause 8.) NOTE 1The supporting floor and/or wall for the boiler should be so arranged that heat losses occurring during the test are similar to those expected to occur in practice. NOTE 2Suitable test rigs are described in Appendix B and shown in Figure 1 but other arrangements may
38、be used provided that the basic concepts of those rigs are maintained. 4 Instrumentation and measurements 4.1 Measurement tolerances Only instruments capable of measuring within the tolerances specified in Table 1 shall be used. The instruments shall be so selected that the boiler efficiency can be
39、determined within the prescribed tolerance (see 3.1). NOTEAttention is drawn to the necessity for regular calibration of the measuring instruments. 4.2 Temperature measurements 4.2.1 Water temperature. The points where the measuring instruments shall be fitted are shown in Figure 1. NOTEProper fitti
40、ng of the instruments is of particular importance. Probes should preferably be fitted into elbow joints against the direction of flow. If immersion sleeves are used these should be tight-fitting and thin-walled to keep the heat dissipation at the point of measurement as small as possible and to avoi
41、d delays in response. 4.2.2 Air temperature. The temperature of the combustion air (t 8 ) shall be measured at a position 0.5 m from, and at the same level as, the combustion air inlet to the firing equipment. The temperature of the ambient air (t a ) shall be measured at a position 1.5 m above the
42、floor, 1.5 m from the front of the boiler and on the boiler centre line. The measuring instruments shall be protected against radiant heat. Table 1 Measurement tolerances Measurement Tolerance Atmospheric air pressure 0.05 mbar a Boiler gas-side pressure 0.05 mbar a Gaseous fuel pressure 0.05 mbar a
43、 Pressure difference between flow and return connections on hot water boiler 0.5 mbar a Water mass (weighing) 0.2% (flow meter) 0.25% Fuel mass a) solid 0.2 % by mass b) liquid 0.2 % by mass c) gaseous 0.5 % by volume Time 0.5 s up to 1 h 0.1 % over 1 h Ancillary electrical energy 3 % Temperatures a
44、) heat carrier 0.1 C b) flue gases 5 C CO, CO 2and O 2for the calculation of flue gas losses 0.2 percentage points a 1 mbar = 10 2N/m 2= 100 PaBS7190:1989 4 BSI 12-1999 4.2.3 Flue gas temperature. The temperature of theflue gases shall be measured at the point(s) indicated in 4.3. NOTEWhen thermo-el
45、ectric methods are used, potentiometric instruments are preferred as they eliminate lead-resistance errors. Otherwise compensating cables should be used. 4.3 Sampling and measurements 4.3.1 Flue gas 4.3.1.1 The flue gases shall be sampled and measurements made of flue draught and smoke number, as ap
46、propriate, by means of the test probe(s) located at the position(s) in the test flue (see4.3.1.4) as specified in 4.3.1.6 and 4.3.1.7. 4.3.1.2 The carbon dioxide contents () and carbon monoxide contents (V CO ) of the dry flue gases shall be measured within the tolerance shown in Table 1. NOTEIf pre
47、ferred, the oxygen content may be measured instead ofand this has the advantage of having the same meaning, in terms of excess air, for all fuels. 4.3.1.3 For oil-fired boilers, the Bacharach smoke number shall be measured by following the procedure detailed in 4.1 of BS 4876:1984. 4.3.1.4 The boile
48、r flue outlet shall be fitted with the appropriate test flue as shown in Figure 2. The test flue shall be vertical and shall have the same nominal diameter (or cross-sectional area) as the flue outlet. The height (h) of the test flue shall be the greatest of the following: a) four times the nominal
49、diameter of the flue; b) 1 m; c) at least the minimum specified by the manufacturer for satisfactory operation of the boiler. 4.3.1.5 The location of the probe(s) for sampling the combustion products and measurement of the Bacharach smoke number for oil-fired boilers shall be as shown in Figure 2. The point of entry of each probe into the test flue shall be sealed against leakage. NOTESufficient measurements should be taken over the cross-section of the flue to ensure reliability of the values obtained. 4.3.1.6 For boile
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