1、BRITISH STANDARD BS 7463-4: 1991 ISO 9184-4: 1990 Fibre furnish analysis of paper, board and pulps Part 4: Method of test by Graff “C” stainBS7463-4:1991 This British Standard, having been prepared under the directionof the Paper and PrintingStandards Policy Committee, was published underthe authori
2、ty of the Standards Board and comes intoeffect on 28 June 1991 BSI 08-1999 The following BSI references relate to the work on this standard: Committee reference PAM/11 Draft for comment 88/45952 DC ISBN 0 580 19828 6 Committees responsible for this British Standard The preparation of this British St
3、andard was entrusted by the Paper and Printing Standards Policy Committee (PAM/-) to Technical Committee PAM/11, upon which the following bodies were represented: British Fibreboard Packaging Association British Paper and Board Industry Federation (PIF) British Printing Industries Federation British
4、 Telecommunications plc Envelope Makers and Manufacturing Stationers Association Her Majestys Stationery Office Man-made Fibres Producers Committee Ministry of Defence Pira (the Research Association for the Paper and Board, Printing and Packaging Industries) Post Office Society of British Printing I
5、nk Manufacturers University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology Amendments issued since publication Amd. No. Date CommentsBS7463-4:1991 BSI 08-1999 i Contents Page Committees responsible Inside front cover National foreword ii 1 Scope 1 2 Normative reference 1 3 Principle 1 4 Reagents
6、1 5 Procedure 2 6 Expression of results and test report 2 Annex A (informative) Bibliography 3 Table 1 Colour chart for Graff “C” stain 2 Publication(s) referred to Inside back coverBS7463-4:1991 ii BSI 08-1999 National foreword This Part of BS7463 has been prepared under the direction of the Paper
7、and Printing Standards Policy Committee. It is identical with ISO9184-4:1990 “Paper, board and pulps Fibre furnish analysis Part4: Graff “C” staining test”, published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisi
8、ons of a contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. Cross-reference International Standard Corresponding British Standard ISO 9184-1:1990 BS 7463 Fibre furnish analy
9、sis of paper, board and pulps Part 1:1991 General method (Identical) Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i and ii, pages1 to 4, an inside back cover and a back cover. This standard has been updated (see copyright date) and may have had amendments inco
10、rporated. This will be indicated in the amendment table on the inside front cover.BS7463-4:1991 BSI 08-1999 1 1 Scope This part of ISO9184 specifies the preparation, use and colour reactions of Graff “C” stain in fibre furnish analysis. It should be used in conjunction with ISO9184-1 and, if necessa
11、ry, with other staining tests defined in ISO9184-2. The field of application of Graff “C” stain is very large; it allows the identification of almost all the common papermaking fibres. However, this is based upon very minute differences in the shade and strength of the colours, and accordingly calls
12、 for a great deal of training and experience. In practice, the main applications of the Graff “C” stain are as follows: a) Differentiation of chemical, semi-chemical and mechanical pulps. b) Differentiation of bleached kraft and sulfite in softwood pulps. Generally, the colour difference is sufficie
13、nt for counting the fibres. c) Differentiation of kraft and sulfite in hardwood pulps. The difference in colour is more obvious in unbleached than in bleached pulps. d) Differentiation of softwood and hardwood pulps (except dissolving grade pulps). In kraft pulps, the colour difference is sufficient
14、; in sulfite pulps it is somewhat weaker, although in most cases sufficient for counting. e) Differentiation of bleached straw and esparto pulps in softwood pulps. The colour difference is distinct. 2 Normative reference The following standard contains provisions which, through reference in this tex
15、t, constitute provisions of this part of ISO9184. At the time of publication, the edition indicated was valid. All standards are subject to revision, and parties to agreements based on this part of ISO9184 are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent edition of the stand
16、ard indicated below. Members of IEC and ISO maintain registers of currently valid International Standards. ISO 9184-1:1990, Paper, board and pulps Fibre furnish analysis Part1: General method. 3 Principle Fibres are stained with Graff “C” stain and examined under the microscope. 4 Reagents CAUTION S
17、ome of the components used in preparing this stain are toxic. The stain should be prepared and handled in keeping with safe laboratory practice. Use only reagents of recognized analytical grade and distilled water or water of equivalent purity. 4.1 Aluminium chloride, solution ( =1,16g/ml at20 C). D
18、issolve about40g of aluminium chloride hexahydrate (AlCl 3 .6H 2 O) in100ml of water. 4.2 Calcium chloride, solution ( =1,37g/ml at20 C). Dissolve about100g of calcium chloride (CaCl 2 ) in150ml of water. 4.3 Zinc chloride, solution ( =1,82g/ml at20 C). Add about100g of dry zinc chloride (ZnCl 2 ) t
19、o about50ml of warm water until an undissolved residue remains. Allow to cool to room temperature and check that some zinc chloride crystallizes. 4.4 Iodine, solution. Mix0,90g of potassium iodide (KI) and0,65g of iodine (I 2 ). Add50ml of water dropwise to the mixture by means of a pipette, with co
20、nstant stirring. If some iodine remains undissolved probably because the water was added too rapidly discard the solution. Store the solutions (4.1 to 4.4) in brown reagent bottles. Solutions (4.1), (4.2) and (4.3) are stable. The iodine solution (4.4) should be prepared every2or3months. 4.5 Graff “
21、C” stain Mix 20 ml of aluminium chloride solution (4.1); 10 ml of calcium chloride solution (4.2); 10 ml of zinc chloride solution (4.3); 12,5 ml of iodine solution (4.4). Pipette required volumes of solutions (4.1), (4.2) and(4.3) into a measuring cylinder and mix. Add the required volume of stock
22、solution (4.4), mix again and place in the dark. After12h to24h, when any precipitate formed has settled, decant the clear solution into a brown dropper bottle, and add a flake of iodine. Keep the stain in the dark when not in use. Make fresh stain about every2 or3months. Before using a fresh stain,
23、 check with a sample containing bleached softwood kraft and sulfite pulp. If the colours obtained do not coincide with those given inTable 1, add some iodine (I 2 ) and check again. If the colours are not satisfactory after this, make a new mixture.BS7463-4:1991 2 BSI 08-1999 5 Procedure 5.1 Stainin
24、g Stain the fibres by applying2or3drops of the Graff “C” stain (4.5) on the fibre slide prepared in accordance with ISO9184-1. 5.2 Determination Place the stained fibre slide under the microscope and examine using a magnification of 40to 120. Identify and count the fibres in accordance with ISO9184-
25、1 on the basis of the colours developed by the Graff “C” stain (seeTable 1). 6 Expression of results and test report Express and report the results in accordance with ISO9184-1. Table 1 Colour chart for Graff “C” stain Type of pulp Colour a Softwood chemical pulp Unbleached kraft Bleached kraft Diss
26、olving grade sulfate Unbleached sulfite Bleached sulfite Dissolving grade sulfite Shades of yellow and brown Light bluish-grey or grey Brownish-purple Shades of yellow b Light brownish b Light brownish or purple c Hardwood chemical pulp Unbleached kraft Bleached kraft Dissolving grade sulfate Unblea
27、ched sulfite Bleached sulfite Dissolving grade sulfite Bluish-green dark blue Intense blue Blue-purple Yellowish-greyish Light blue or bluish-grey Light brownish Semi-chemical pulp Softwood Unbleached hardwood Bleached hardwood Vivid yellow Greenish (different shades) Intense blue (like bleached har
28、dwood sulfate) Mechanical pulp Vivid yellow d Straw and esparto chemical pulp Unbleached Bleached Greenish-blue (many-coloured) Grey-blue, violet-blue, intense blue (like bleached hardwood sulfate) Rag (cotton, linen, hemp, ramie, etc.) Wine or brown-red a The colours obtained by Graff “C” stain are
29、 of many shades and consequently, different analysts may express dissenting opinions of them. Accordingly, the colours indicated in the colour chart are not necessarily analogous to the colours described in the literature. The analysis of some fibre furnishes cannot be made on the basis of colour de
30、veloped by the stain. Some knowledge of fibre morphology is also required. b The pitch content of ray cells is stained yellow by Graff “C” stain, which often is an indication of softwood sulfite pulp. c Different types of dissolving grade pulps are not always distinguishable from each other. d If th
31、e specimen is boiled in sodium hydroxide solution during the pretreatment or before staining (see ISO9184-1), hardwood and softwood mechanical pulps are distinguishable from each other as follows: softwood mechanical pulp: vivid yellow, hardwood mechanical pulp: greenish.BS7463-4:1991 BSI 08-1999 3
32、Annex A (informative) Bibliography 1 Fiber analysis of paper and paperboard. TAPPI Test Method T401, om-88. 2 GRAFF, J.H.: New stains and their use for fiber identification. Paper Trade J. 100 (1935): 16, 4550 (Ts.203208). 3 GRAFF, J.H.: A Color Atlas for Fiber Identification. The Institute of Paper
33、 Chemistry, Appleton, WI,1940, Plate III.4 blankBS7463-4:1991 BSI 08-1999 Publication(s) referred to See national foreword.BS 7463-4: 1991 ISO 9184-4: 1990 BSI 389 Chiswick High Road London W4 4AL BSIBritishStandardsInstitution BSI is the independent national body responsible for preparing BritishSt
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