BS 7852-1997 Code of practice for design of canoes and kayaks《小舟和皮船设计实用规程》.pdf

1、| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | BRITISH STANDARD BS 7852 : 1997 ICS 47.080

2、 NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAW Code of practice for Design of canoes and kayaksBS 7852 : 1997 This British Standard, having been prepared under the direction of the Engineering Sector Board, was published under the authority of the Standards Board and comes i

3、nto effect on 15 February 1997 BSI 1997 The following BSI references relate to the work on this standard: Committee reference GME/33 Draft for comment 95/705736 DC and 95/705737 DC ISBN 0 580 25844 0 Amendments issued since publication Amd. No. Date Text affected Committees responsible for this Brit

4、ish Standard The preparation of this British Standard was entrusted to Technical Committee GME/33, Small Craft, upon which the following bodies were represented: Association of Canoe Trades British Marine Industries Federation British Nautical Instrument Trade Association British Waterways Board Con

5、sumer Policy Committee of BSI Department of Trade and Industry Department of Trade and Industry (Standards Policy Unit) Environment Agency Federation of Wire Rope Manufacturers of Great Britain Fire Extinguishing Trades Association Home Office Lloyds register of shipping Marine Safety Agency Nationa

6、l Rivers Authority Royal Ocean Racing Club Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents Royal Yachting Association Coopted members The following bodies were also represented in the drafting of the standard, through subcommittees and panels: British Canoe Union Canoe Association of Northern Ireland

7、Open Canoe Association Scottish Canoe AssociationBS 7852 : 1997 BSI 1997 i Contents Page Committees responsible Inside front cover Foreword ii Code of practice 1 Scope 1 2 Informative references 1 3 Definitions 1 4 General purpose canoes and kayaks 2 5 Canoes and kayaks for use on white water 3 6 Ka

8、yaks for use on the sea 5 7 Canoes for use on open water 6 8 Testing 6 Annexes A (normative) Buoyancy testing 7 B (normative) Information label 10 C (normative) Safety instructions 10 D (informative) Safety accessories for use on the sea 10 Figures A.1 Test rig 8 A.2 Testing for buoyancy. General ar

9、rangement for kayaks 9ii BSI 1997 BS 7852 : 1997 Foreword This British Standard has been prepared by Technical Committee GME/33. It recommends good practice for the design of canoes and kayaks. It supersedes BS MA 91 : Part 1 : 1981 and Part 2 : 1981, which are withdrawn. All canoeing and kayaking s

10、hould be considered a risk sport, the risk inversely proportional to the paddlers skill and experience. Practice in the use of equipment and rescue methods, an understanding of the elements, as well as the development of paddling skills are all needed, together with a well-designed craft to keep thi

11、s risk to a minimum. It is emphasized that, while a well-designed, constructed and maintained craft will help to reduce accidents, there is no such thing as a totally safe canoe or kayak. Only the interaction between an experienced and safety-conscious paddler and such a craft can result in safe can

12、oeing or kayaking. Further guidance on canoeing and kayaking can be sought through clubs, courses and the British Canoe Union Coaching Scheme. Useful information about canoeing and kayaking can also be found in the official Canoeing Handbook 1. As a code of practice, this British Standard takes the

13、form of guidance and recommendations. It should not be quoted as if it were a specification and particular care should be taken to ensure that claims of compliance are not misleading. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. Summary of pages This

14、document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i and ii, pages 1 to 10, an inside back cover and a back cover. BSI 1997 1 BS 7852 : 1997 1 Scope This code of practice gives recommendations for the design of certain canoes and kayaks. This standard covers all types of canoes and kayak

15、s except surf/wave skis, sit on top kayaks, inflatable canoes, inflatable kayaks, canoes or kayaks designed specially for competition. It does not cover spraydecks or devices to increase the stability of craft or to assist paddlers to re-enter their boats. The recommendations for white water boats c

16、an also be applied to kayaks used for surfing. 2 Informative references This British Standard refers to another publication that provides information and guidance. The edition of this publication current at the time of issue of this standard is given on the inside back cover, but reference should be

17、 made to the latest edition. 3 Definitions For the purposes of this British Standard, the following definitions apply: 3.1 canoe A craft, usually without decking or with vestigial decks and normally propelled with a single-bladed paddle. NOTE. Canoes are derived from the type of craft used by the No

18、rth American Indian and are often termed open canoes, or Canadian canoes. 3.2 kayak A craft that is always decked and normally propelled with a double-bladed paddle. NOTE. Kayaks are derived from the type of craft used by the Inuit. They are often termed Eskimo kayaks. 3.3 closed cockpit kayak A kay

19、ak in which the deck covers the knees of the occupant(s) in the normal paddling position. NOTE. Closed cockpit kayaks are used in white water recreation, slalom, down-river racing, rodeo and squirt competition and also for sea kayaking. 3.4 open cockpit kayak A kayak in which the deck does not cover

20、 the knees in the normal paddling position. NOTE. Open cockpit kayaks are used for some flat-water recreation and for sprint and marathon racing. 3.5 white water play boat A short white water kayak or canoe used to give gymnastic performances on and above the water surface. 3.6 squirt boat A small,

21、white water kayak or canoe whose displacement is very little more than the paddler. It is used to give gymnastic performances on or below the water surface. 3.7 buoyancy Buoyant material, normally close-cell foam, watertight air-bags or compartments, used singly or in combination and incorporated wi

22、thin a canoe or kayak to exclude water from regions of the craft in the event of swamping or flooding. 3.8 total buoyancy The filling of the whole of the interior of the craft with buoyant material that excludes as much water as possible from the interior of a swamped craft, with the exception of th

23、e cockpit volume in kayaks and the volume immediately surrounding the paddler in an open craft which is required to paddle efficiently. 3.9 swamping The filling with water of any part of an undamaged craft, including the cockpit in a kayak without a spraydeck fitted. 3.10 flooding The filling with w

24、ater of any part of a craft owing to damage or failure. 3.11 platform footrest A platform of suitable material positioned to support the soles of the paddlers feet. 3.12 bar footrest A bar of suitable material positioned to support the ball of the foot only. NOTE. In kayaks they are fastened transve

25、rsely across the craft, between or close to the gunwales. In a canoe they are normally close to the hull (floor) of the craft. 3.13 stud footrest Small pads cantilevered out from the gunwale or other part of the hull that support the ball of each foot individually. NOTE. They can be adjustable, or t

26、hey can consist of a series of separate pads, the one most compatible with the paddlers leg length being selected to support the foot. This latter type is sometimes known as a notched or ladder footrest. 3.14 end grabs Handles, close to the ends of the craft, consisting of either rigid material, rop

27、e or toggles. 3.15 streamers Short lengths of webbing fastened to the ends of white water craft which act as extensions to end grabs. 3.16 broach loop A strong loop or ring positioned within reach of the paddler while seated in the cockpit which allows the attachment of karabiners or hooks to pull t

28、he craft free of obstructions. NOTE. They are often fitted to the foredeck so that it can be lifted to release a trapped paddler.2 BSI 1997 BS 7852 : 1997 3.17 reinforced plastics Composites commonly referred to as glass reinforced plastics (GRP), and also including polyester, vinylester or epoxy re

29、sins reinforced by glass, polyester, aramid or carbon fibres. NOTE. These materials can be moulded by hand lamination, mechanical spray-up methods or by vacuum bagging techniques. 3.18 unsupported plastics Plastics such as polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride (PVC) or acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (AB

30、S) used without reinforcement. NOTE. Polyethylene can be linear (thermoplastic) or cross-linked (thermosetting). These materials can be moulded by blow or rotational moulding techniques or by vacuum forming. 4 General purpose canoes and kayaks 4.1 General General purpose craft should: a) provide a r

31、easonably stable platform which allows paddle strokes to be performed effectively; b) possess a good strength/weight ratio, compatible with the selection of suitable materials and mode of manufacture; c) not sink when swamped and support its crew in the water; d) be capable of being towed by rope an

32、d grasped by hand; e) allow the paddler easy exit in the event of a capsize. NOTE. The above characteristics are sufficiently broad to allow widely differing design solutions to be developed. However, the use of modern materials that are non-buoyant e.g. GRP, or of density only slightly less than wa

33、ter (polyethylene), means that most designs need to incorporate fitted buoyancy in order to meet item c) and the minimum requirement for buoyancy outlined in 4.5. 4.2 Materials Materials used for the construction of canoes and kayaks should be impervious to water, resistant to abrasion, impact, and

34、bending forces, and should withstand corrosion and degradation. Laminates of reinforced plastics should be smooth and free from all rough patches, sharp edges and projections that could cause injury, impede exit, or jam spraycovers. 4.3 Structure of the craft Any buoyancy, or other internal structur

35、es incorporated to increase rigidity, should be firmly secured to the craft and should offer minimal impedance to the paddlers exit from the craft. 4.4 Cockpit rim The cockpit rim should be designed so that the spraydeck remains secure in the conditions likely to be encountered. The balance between

36、large cockpit size for easy exit and the width of the cockpit rim needed for spraydeck security should be considered. The design of the craft should not prevent the quick release of a spraydeck. 4.5 Buoyancy 4.5.1 Craft should be fitted with buoyancy so that the swamped craft, empty of equipment and

37、 occupant, floats parallel to the surface in flat water. The amount of buoyancy should ensure that the swamped craft will support a mass of 6 kg placed at either the bow or the stern, and at bow and stern simultaneously so as to support a total mass of 12 kg. 4.5.2 All buoyant material should be sec

38、urely fastened so that it cannot float out of a swamped craft. Where air-bag buoyancy is provided, it should be securely tied in position. Buoyancy or buoyant material should offer minimal impedance to the paddlers exit from the craft. 4.5.3 Where buoyant material is used to add strength to the craf

39、t it should resist displacement if deformation occurs. 4.5.4 When tested in accordance with A.2.1 to A.2.7, the craft should not sink, nor should its angle of pitch exceed 3 to the horizontal. 4.5.5 When tested in accordance with A.2.8, the craft should not sink. 4.6 End grabs and handholds 4.6.1 En

40、d grabs for kayaks Kayaks should be fitted with end grabs at both bow and stern. All attachments should be strong, and should remain intact when rescuers are seeking to free a trapped craft. End grabs should be made from materials that are known to withstand rotting and degradation. End grabs should

41、 be easy to grab in an emergency but should also be fitted to minimize possible snagging. Loops, formed when both ends of a rope handle come back to the same or adjacent anchor points, should not be fitted, as there is a danger of hand entrapment if the craft rotates. 4.6.2 End grabs for canoes If f

42、itted, end grabs for canoes should conform to 4.6.1, except that they should be fitted to the hull, not the deck, for maximum security. End grabs are not necessary on open canoes as these craft are easily held along their gunwales. 4.6.3 Attachment End grabs made from rope or webbing should incorpor

43、ate anchor/penetration points at least 75 mm distant from each other, measured along the surface of the deck or hull. 4.6.4 Replacement of end grabs As end grabs have a potential for deterioration, their design should allow them to be repaired or easily replaced. BSI 1997 3 BS 7852 : 1997 4.6.5 Hand

44、holds Rigid, rope or wire cable handholds should have a minimum diameter of 6 mm and should have a minimum breaking strain of 2000 N. 4.6.6 Webbing Webbing handholds should have a minimum width of 25 mm and should have a minimum breaking strain of 2000 N. 4.6.7 Toggles Toggle handholds should have a

45、 minimum length of 75 mm and a minimum diameter of 18 mm. They should be made from materials that are resistant to degradation and rotting. When the toggle is attached by rope, the rope should be not less than 4 mm in diameter with a breaking strain of not less than 2000 N. Webbing toggle attachment

46、s should be a minimum of 25 mm wide with a breaking strain of not less than 2000 N. Where two strands of rope or webbing are used to attach the toggle, they should not allow fingers to become trapped. 4.7 Deck lines Deck lines, where fitted, should be not less than 6 mm in diameter with a breaking s

47、train of not less than 2000 N. They should be taut and should be secured to remain clear of the cockpit. As they have a potential for deterioration, their design should allow them to be repaired or easily replaced. 4.8 Painters Where fitted, painters should be floating and not less than 6 mm diamete

48、r with a breaking strain of not less than 2000 N. The design should give provision for tethering the free end clear of the cockpit area. 4.9 Footrests 4.9.1 Kayak footrests 4.9.1.1 General A firm footrest is desirable to achieve an effective paddling stroke. Where fitted, they should allow adjustmen

49、t to the paddlers leg length. They should be rigid when repeatedly pressed upon during normal paddling and together with their attachments should resist breakage if the kayak impacts with an obstacle. 4.9.1.2 Platform footrests A platform footrest should not, in any position, permit the paddlers feet to pass forward of the footrest. It should be rigidly fixed and be incapable of rotation on its mounting. 4.9.1.3 Bar footrests Bar footrests should allow paddlers to withdraw their feet or legs if they pass forward of the bar. The bar should be designed fail-safe, i.e. be r