BS 7913-2013 Guide to the conservation of historic buildings《历史建筑保护指南》.pdf

1、BSI Standards PublicationBS 7913:2013Guide to the conservation ofhistoric buildingsPublishing and copyright informationThe BSI copyright notice displayed in this document indicates when the documentwas last issued. The British Standards Institution 2013Published by BSI Standards Limited 2013ISBN 978

2、 0 580 75778 5ICS 91.040.99The following BSI references relate to the work on this standard:Committee reference B/560Draft for comment 13/30248521 DCPublication historyFirst edition, July 1998Second (present) edition, December 2013Amendments issued since publicationDate Text affectedBS 7913:2013 BRI

3、TISH STANDARDContentsForeword ii0 Introduction 11 Scope 42 Normative references 53 Terms and definitions 54 Heritage values and significance 65 Using significance as a framework for managing the historicenvironment 96 Significance as part of operational care and other interventions 187 Maintenance 2

4、88 Heritage and project management 29AnnexesAnnex A (informative) Conservation accreditation schemes 31Annex B (normative) Conservation manuals, logbooks and four/five-yearlyinspections 31Bibliography 34List of figuresFigure 1 Conservation process 2Figure 2 Magnitude of impact plotted against value

5、16Summary of pagesThis document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i to ii,pages 1 to 36, an inside back cover and a back cover.BRITISH STANDARD BS 7913:2013 The British Standards Institution 2013 iForewordPublishing informationThis British Standard is published by BSI Standards L

6、imited, under licence fromThe British Standards Institution, and came into effect on 31stDecember 2013. Itwas prepared by Technical Committee B/560 Conservation of tangible culturalheritage. A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtainedon request to its secretary.Supersession

7、This British Standard supersedes BS 7913:1998, which is withdrawn.Information about this documentThis British Standard does not cover the legislation required prior toundertaking many conservation works.Use of this documentAs a guide, this British Standard takes the form of guidance andrecommendatio

8、ns. It should not be quoted as if it were a specification or a codeof practice and claims of compliance cannot be made to it.It has been assumed in the preparation of this British Standard that theexecution of its provisions will be entrusted to appropriately qualified andexperienced people, for who

9、se use it has been produced.Presentational conventionsThe guidance in this standard is presented in roman (i.e. upright) type. Anyrecommendations are expressed in sentences in which the principal auxiliaryverb is “should”.Commentary, explanation and general informative material is presented insmalle

10、r italic type, and does not constitute a normative element.Contractual and legal considerationsThis publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of acontract. Users are responsible for its correct application.Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from lega

11、lobligations.BRITISH STANDARDBS 7913:2013ii The British Standards Institution 20130 Introduction0.1 GeneralThe immediate objective of building conservation is to secure the protection ofbuilt heritage, in the long-term interest of society.Issues relating to building conservation are often complex an

12、d interwoven.The conservation of historic buildings requires judgement based on anunderstanding of principles informed by experience and knowledge to beexercised when decisions are made. British Standards that are applicable tonewer buildings might be inappropriate.The decision to conserve historic

13、buildings can be justified on social, cultural,economic and/or environmental grounds, and usually a combination of these.Conflicting pressures often need to be balanced to assist good decision making.Good conservation depends on a sound research evidence base and the use ofcompetent advisors and con

14、tractors.See Figure 1 for a flowchart showing conservation process.The history of building conservation is summarized in 0.2 to 0.9.0.2 Vernacular buildingWhen people first began to build they built for themselves, without the aid ofspecialist builders. What they built was, in the precise meaning of

15、 the term,“vernacular” (i.e. native or of the country). The system by which the people of aparticular place built was developed empirically over many generations, closelyintegrated with geology, climate, land use and seasonal patterns.Even the more refined ways of building were subject to the same l

16、ocal andvernacular influences. This is the basis of what can be termed the architecturalgeography of the United Kingdom. The local and vernacular materials andconstruction of buildings contribute to a sense of place.0.3 Architecture as cultural expressionThe aim of builders throughout the ages has b

17、een to produce buildings whichwere as well-built as they could be with the materials and skills available. Theseserved the needs of the people who used and occupied them, and their formand decoration were refined as a means of cultural expression. In the firstcentury BCE the Roman architect Vitruviu

18、s defined the three essential attributesof architecture as ”commodity, firmness and delight”. The integration andbalancing of function, sound construction, economics and aesthetics remains theobjective of all architectural activity. Buildings of all types and periods containinformation about the way

19、 in which people lived, worked and worshipped, howthey built and how they thought and wished to present their own culture andtheir spiritual values.BRITISH STANDARD BS 7913:2013 The British Standards Institution 2013 1Figure 1 Conservation processBRITISH STANDARDBS 7913:20132 The British Standards I

20、nstitution 20130.4 The artisan traditionWith the growth of the trades, building practice advanced steadily and becamemore standardized and subject to regional, national and international culturalinfluences. While some rural buildings, particularly in more remote parts of thecountry, remained self-bu

21、ilt in the local tradition (and therefore genuinelyvernacular) until the beginning of the twentieth century, most ordinary town,village and estate building in the post-mediaeval period was by carpenters,masons and bricklayers, often with the aid of pattern books, and is thereforetermed artisan. The

22、empirical development and refinement of building practicein response to changing needs and circumstances was continued by the tradesuntil the onset of the industrial age. The architecture and the craftsmanship ofmany of these buildings are of a very high order.0.5 Fine architectureSocieties, communi

23、ties and powerful people of all periods have used theirprincipal buildings as a means of expressing their authority, sanctity, wealthand/or sophistication. The fine architecture that a society produces is a reflectionof its culture and ethos. Although such buildings were commonly built fromlocal mat

24、erials and by the local trades, they were often designed by people whocould be described as architects. The architecture of these buildings tended tobe sophisticated, fashionable, and express national cultural characteristics andoften international influences which were representative of the intelle

25、ctualorientation, political or trading alliances of the time. Fine architecture representsthe high culture of the age in which it was created.0.6 The age of industryThe rapid development of Britains power in the 19th century through acombination of empire and industrialization led to a major increas

26、e in the totalquantity of building, largely, but not only, in cities. This led to major technicaladvances in the mechanization of building in traditional materials, through theintroduction of Portland cement and the use of iron and steel, particularly inlarge engineering structures such as bridges a

27、nd train sheds, but also in thedevelopment of framed buildings. Throughout much of this period, however,the artisan building tradition continued. All types of 19th century buildingssurvive in use throughout the United Kingdom in very large numbers, and makeup a substantial part of the fabric of pres

28、ent day towns and cities.0.7 War, modernism and planningLargely as a consequence of the two world wars, the 20th century has seendevelopment and change at a rate of a different order to that of any previousperiod. In the course of the century the building trades, ways of building andattitudes to urb

29、an development changed substantially.BRITISH STANDARD BS 7913:2013 The British Standards Institution 2013 3As the cost of labour and skill increased and the price of energy felldramatically, builders increasingly used mechanized and industrialized methodsbased on the rapid assembly of large and smal

30、l factory-made components andcast-in-situ concrete. Such was the confidence in the new technology, it wasbelieved for a time that in the future all buildings would be replaced by newones at least once per century. Traditional building methods were rejected,misunderstood or forgotten. Maintenance was

31、 superseded by renewal andtowns were threatened with wholesale redevelopment. The rapid growth of thearchitectural conservation movement was in response to this, and became partof a wider environmental movement. Pressure for renewal receded and thedesirability of retaining sound buildings, particula

32、rly historic buildings, gainedwide acceptance. Modern architecture, as that of any other period, evokes thespirit of the age which produced it. As much of it was not designed to last or tobe maintained, the conservation of post-war listed buildings presents newtechnical challenges.0.8 The conservati

33、on movementThe conservation movement has its origins in 18th century enlightenment,antiquarianism and romanticism. It developed in the 19th century through TheManifesto for the Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings 1 written in1877 by William Morris, The Ancient Monuments Protection Act 18

34、82 2 and thefounding of the National Trust.In the 20th century, the consolidation of ruins and the care of ancient sites bythe State were developed by HM Office of Works, while accelerating change ledto the growth of preservation and amenity societies. After 1945 the listing andlegal protection of b

35、uildings was established through a succession of Town andCountry Planning Acts 3. This growth of interest in buildings and landscapes ofcultural heritage was matched by increasing concern for the natural heritageand pressure to control pollution, ecological damage and resource consumption.Together t

36、hese make up the modern conservation movement.0.9 Conservation todayInternational recognition of the importance of building conservation wasachieved in 1966 with the publication of the Venice Charter by ICOMOS 4,followed in 1981 by the Burra Charter of ICOMOS Australia 5 while thefundamental descrip

37、tion of the process was enshrined in the 1993 ICOMOSGuidelines for education and training in the conservation of monuments,ensembles and sites 6. This and subsequent standards on structural interventionon historic buildings remain the common standard for built and historicconservation, to which Grea

38、t Britain and Northern Ireland have added their ownconservation principles documents 7, 8.1 ScopeThis British Standard describes best practice in the management and treatmentof historic buildings. It is applicable to historic buildings with and withoutstatutory protection. It is not applicable to be

39、low ground archaeology or anyother type of heritage asset such as movable objects or vehicles.This British Standard is intended for those who own, use, occupy and managehistoric buildings, the professional teams contractors and others employed towork on their behalf, and can be used by decision make

40、rs and funders. It isintended to provide building owners, managers, archaeologists, architects,engineers, surveyors, contractors, conservators, planners, conservation officersand local authority building control officers with general backgroundinformation on the principles of the conservation of his

41、toric buildings and sites,when setting conservation policy, management strategy and procedures.BRITISH STANDARDBS 7913:20134 The British Standards Institution 20132 Normative referencesThe following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in thisdocument and are indispensable for

42、its application. For dated references, onlythe edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of thereferenced document (including any amendments) applies.BS EN 15898, Conservation of cultural property Main general terms anddefinitions3 Terms and definitionsFor the purposes of thi

43、s British Standard, the terms and definitions given inBS EN 15898 and the following apply.3.1 archaeologystudy and interpretation of the past, based on uncovering, retrieving, recordingand interpreting information from physical evidence3.2 conservation areaarea of special architectural or historic i

44、nterest, the character or appearance ofwhich is desirable to preserve or enhance3.3 conservation management planstrategic document that defines what is significant about an individual heritageasset, establishes management principles and informs the approach to futurework3.4 conversionalteration, the

45、 object of which is a change of use of a building or artefact3.5 competent personperson with expertise and the ability to undertake work in an appropriatemannerNOTE Users are advised to consider the desirability of accreditation or competencyschemes for craft persons. See Annex A for examples of suc

46、h schemes.3.6 evidential valuepotential of a place to yield evidence about the past3.7 fabricmaterial of which a historic building is made3.8 heritage assetbuilding, monument, site, place, area or landscape that has significance3.9 heritage impact assessmentpractical assessment of the magnitude of t

47、he impact from proposed change onthe significance of a heritage asset or historic building3.10 historic buildingbuilding that has significanceNOTE This is not related to age or statutory protection.3.11 interventionaction that has a physical or spatial impact on a historic building or its settingBRI

48、TISH STANDARD BS 7913:2013 The British Standards Institution 2013 53.12 managementplanning, organizing, resourcing, leading or directing3.13 patinanatural or manmade character derived from the ageing processNOTE For example the weathering of stone or the verdigris on bronze.3.14 preservationstate of

49、 survival of a historic building3.15 recorddescription, depiction and analysis of a place in earlier condition or useNOTE This can include documents and photographs, etc.3.16 settingsurroundings of a historic building3.17 strategic planplan that defines:a) the position of the management organization at the start of the planperiod;b) the position aimed for at the end of the plan period;c) what needs to be measured to ascertain whether or not it has achieved b);andd) the resources required to get to defined positions3.18 sustainabilityability to mee