BS 8426-2003 A code of practice for e-support in e-learning systems《电子学习系统中电子支持的实施规程》.pdf

1、BRITISH STANDARD BS 8426:2003 A code of practice for e-support in e-learning systems ICS 03.180; 35.240.99 BS 8426:2003 This British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 27 August 2003 BSI 27 August 2003 The following BSI references relate to t

2、he work on this British Standard: Committee reference IST/43 Draft for comment 03/641836 DC ISBN 0 580 42450 2 Committees responsible for this British Standard The preparation of this British Standard was entrusted to Technical Committee IST/43, Information technology for learning, education and tra

3、ining, upon which the following bodies were represented: Aslib (The Association for Information Management) British Educational Communications and Technology Agency BTexact Technologies City and Guilds Edexcel Foundation Education Online eLoki FD Learning IBM United Kingdom Inter Trust Technologies

4、International NCS Pearson Open University Parity Training Qualifications and Curriculum Authority Question Mark Computing Limited Qwiz Inc. Scottish University for Industry Sheffield Hallam University on behalf of the Centre for Educational Technology Interoperability Standards Simulacra Media Limit

5、ed Sun Microsystems TekniCAL Limited Telemetry Associates The Stationery Office Ufi Limited University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate University of Sunderland University of Teeside Wide Learning Limited The following organizations and individuals were not represented on IST/43 but contrib

6、uted to the development of this standard: Association for Learning Technology (ALT) Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development (CIPD) The Royal National Institute for the Blind (RNIB) Centre for Educational Technology Interoperability Standards (CETIS) Accessibility SIG Sharon Perry National C

7、omputing Centre James Watt College Leeds College of Technology Sheffield College/Lettol Team British Army Department of Education Northern Ireland (DENI) Department for Education and Skills (DfES) Inland Revenue The Learning and Skills Council (LSC) Learning and Skills Development Agency Office of t

8、he e-Envoy University for Industry Cranfield University Glasgow Caledonian University Kingston University Open University Business Schools Oxford Brookes University Sheffield Hallam University University College London University of Bradford UK eUniversities Worldwide Ltd Warwick University Business

9、 School Can Studios Cicerone desq digital media learning Epic Group plc Futurate Intrallect Line Communications Group My Knowledge Map Nelson Croom Plato Learning Inc. Schemeta RM Teknical The Training Foundation We Teach You Webarchitects Fife European Vocational Training Partnership Amendments iss

10、ued since publication Amd No. Date CommentsBS 8426:2003 BSI 27 August 2003 i Contents Page Committees responsible Inside front cover Foreword ii Introduction 1 1S c o p e 3 2 Normative references 3 3T e r m s a n d d e f i n i t i o n s 3 4 Recommendations for e-support 5 5 Process-related e-support

11、 7 6 Concept-related e-support 8 7 Performance-related e-support 10 8 Dialogue-related e-support 11 Annex A (normative) Responsibilities of e-learning providers 13 Annex B (informative) Use cases for different types of e-support 14 Annex C (normative) Metadata for e-support resources 19 Annex D (inf

12、ormative) Sample procedure for assessing applicability and specifying and testing conformance 20 Bibliography 27 Figure 1 E-support for learners in e-learning 2 Table D.1 Applicability and conformance checklist 23BS 8426:2003 ii BSI 27 August 2003 Foreword This British Standard code of practice has

13、been prepared by Technical Committee IST/43, Information technology for learning, education and training, which comprises people with a wide experience of learning delivered using Information and Communications Technology (ICT), from a variety of different companies and organizations. BSI Committee

14、IST/43, whose constitution is shown in this British Standard, takes collective responsibility for its preparation under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee. The Committee wishes to acknowledge the personal contribution of Seb Schmoller and David Jennings. Growth in the power

15、 and capabilities of ICT has led to the increasing use of e-learning systems to mediate the provision of learning in a wide range of educational and other contexts. Suitably used, e-learning systems can increase the flexibility of, and access to, learning and training courses. They can also enable e

16、ffective, efficient and satisfying achievement of learning objectives. However, their increased use has raised issues about the quality and effectiveness of the e-support that learners receive as they undertake ICT-mediated learning. The aims of this British Standard for e-support in e-learning syst

17、ems are to provide a means for the provider, purchaser or commissioner of e-learning systems, materials and services among others, to: establish a consistent level of e-support to learners undertaking e-learning courses; assess the effectiveness of the e-support provided on a course; give an assuran

18、ce of quality of e-support to users of “off-the-shelf” courses provided through e-learning systems, and to organizations providing, commissioning or purchasing e-learning systems, materials and services. The achievement of these aims will have benefits for learners undertaking e-learning courses, wh

19、ich include: effective and efficient attainment of the courses learning objectives; high levels of satisfaction, confidence and motivation with the courses; positive attitudes to e-learning and motivation to do further learning; accessibility of e-support for learners with physical, sensory or cogni

20、tive impairments, environmental or language constraints; provision to learners, when appropriate, of communication tools to enable group-work, collaboration and dialogue. The achievement of these aims will also have benefits for people directly involved in the delivery of e-learning, such as tutors,

21、 other support staff, and instructional designers, which include: reduced demand for e-support on tutors and other support staff, thereby increasing their effectiveness; clarity for instructional designers as to the e-support issues which learning materials and e-learning systems should address. In

22、turn, the recommendations in this standard have benefits for other stakeholders in e-learning, which include: higher retention, completion and attainment rates for courses; higher levels of participation and inclusion in e-learning courses; predictable and standardized requirements for learning mate

23、rials, e-learning systems and e-support processes; improved matching of tutor- and other staff-training against the e-support requirements of e-learning provision; a large and open market for e-learning, by making it more cost-effective and of higher quality.BS 8426:2003 BSI 27 August 2003 iii Users

24、 attention is drawn to any existing legislation covering the subject matter of this British Standard. The following British Acts of Parliament and Regulations are relevant. The Disability Discrimination Act 1995 1. Special Educational Needs and Disability Act 2001 2. The Data Protection Act 1988 3.

25、The Welsh Language Act 1993 4. The Health and Safety (Display Screen Equipment) Regulations 1992 5. The Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 6. The Freedom of Information Act 2000 7. As a code of practice, this British Standard takes the form of guidance and recommendations. It should not be quot

26、ed as if it were a specification, and particular care should be taken to ensure that claims of compliance are not misleading. This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. Compliance with a British Standard

27、 does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i to iv, pages 1 to 28, an inside back cover and a back cover. The BSI copyright notice displayed in this document indicates when the document was last iss

28、ued.iv blankBS 8426:2003 BSI 27 August 2003 1 Introduction This British Standard code of practice is intended for organizations involved in the use of e-learning systems to provide learning and training courses, including (but not limited to): a) colleges, learning centres, schools and universities

29、that provide courses to their students using e-learning systems; b) training companies, charities, employers and government/military organizations providing courses using e-learning systems as part of vocational education and training; c) awarding bodies, professional bodies, industry organizations

30、and others accrediting courses that are delivered wholly or partly using e-learning systems; d) funding, advisory, and regulatory bodies. This British Standard is also relevant to organizations involved in developing or providing elements that contribute to e-support for courses delivered using e-le

31、arning systems, including (but not limited to): 1) developers of software for e-learning systems; 2) instructional designers, developers, publishers and distributors of learning materials for e-learning systems; 3) providers of e-support services, including freelance tutors of courses delivered usin

32、g e-learning systems. E-support as defined in this standard is a response, during e-learning, to a learner-, system- or tutor-interaction, the purpose of which is to facilitate effective, efficient and satisfying learning. Design and delivery of e-support depends upon the learning context, the learn

33、ers, the environment, and the available technology. E-support can be provided in a number of ways as part of e-learning, including: i) e-support provided by e-learning systems; ii) e-support integrated into learning materials; iii) e-support provided by human actors using computer-mediated communica

34、tion; iv) e-support provided by some combination of the above. The elements and processes that support learners doing e-learning courses are illustrated in Figure 1. Providers of courses are responsible for all aspects of the learners experience, including e-support. These providers might in turn re

35、ly on their own suppliers, whom they charge with responsibility for specific elements that underpin e-support, as well as other parts of the learning and tuition processes. This British Standard focuses on the interface between learners and the e-support available to them, which forms a supporting p

36、art of the broader learning and tuition processes.BS 8426:2003 2 BSI 27 August 2003 NOTE The areas in Figure 1 do not denote relative importance of learning materials, human actors and e-learning systems in underpinning e-support. These elements can vary widely in scale and sophistication across dif

37、ferent instances of e-learning, though all are usually present to some degree. This British Standard exists alongside a number of relevant international and national frameworks and emerging standards, the scope of which includes the delivery of courses using e-learning systems. These include: indust

38、ry standards and specifications such as those issued by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 8 or the IMS Global Learning Consortium 9; de facto standards such as those issued by the World Wide Web Consortiums Web Accessibility Initiative 10, or the Unicode Consortium (ISO 10

39、646-1:2000); requirements stipulated by organizations which are responsible for quality-assurance within different parts of the UK public education system, such as the Office for Standards in Education (Ofsted) 11, or the Quality Assurance Agency for Higher Education (QAA) 12; standards and specific

40、ations embraced within the UK Governments Interoperability Framework (e-GIF) 13. While this British Standard focuses on the user interface between learners and the e-support available to them, the majority of industry and technical standards referred to focus on the technology interfaces that underp

41、in e-support provision. Figure 1 E-support for learners in e-learning e-support Learning materials Human actors E-learning system Learner Learner interface Learning and tuition processesBS 8426:2003 BSI 27 August 2003 3 1 Scope This British Standard gives recommendations for e-support in e-learning

42、systems. This standard is applicable to e-support across all types of e-learning. It is applicable independently of the pedagogical approach to e-learning (e.g. whether human tutors are involved in providing e-support or all e-support is automated, whether learners work individually or in groups, or

43、 whether the underlying pedagogy of a course involves learners in constructing their own understanding or in committing course content to memory). Where learning programmes include a combination of e-learning and other delivery methods, this standard is applicable to the e-learning components. NOTE

44、1 E-support forms part of learning and tuition processes (as shown in Figure 1), and the recommendations in this British Standard are designed to enable effective implementation of these processes. However, recommendations for tuition and pedagogical methodologies are not addressed in this British S

45、tandard. This standard is applicable independent of the type of e-learning system deployed. It makes recommendations for the e-support that is provided to learners, but does not specify whether this e-support should be provided by the e-learning system, by the learning materials or by tutors or othe

46、r human intervention. NOTE 2 This British Standard includes examples referring to both automated and tutor-generated e-support, but these examples are only illustrative and should not be taken to imply that the approaches described are pedagogically preferable. This British Standard makes recommenda

47、tions that could be implemented through the adoption of a learning object model (an object-based approach to the management of learning materials). However, the recommendations do not depend on the implementation of such a model. The recommendations in this British Standard can be used in the procur

48、ement, design, benchmarking, development, evaluation and communication of information about e-learning courses, learning materials, e-learning systems and e-support services. NOTE 3 Recommendations concerning user guidance for users of any systems involving office work with visual display terminals

49、are provided in BS EN ISO 9241-13:1999, which covers information additional to the regular user-computer-dialogue that is provided to the user on request or is automatically provided by the system. NOTE 4 BS EN ISO 9241-13:1999 does not address on-line tutorials, on-line documentation, or intelligent system performance aids. These kinds of user support are covered in this standard. 2 Normative references The following r