BS 8430-2005 Terminology work - Fundamentals made simple《术语工作 简易原则》.pdf

1、BRITISH STANDARD BS 8430:2005 Terminology work Fundamentals made simple ICS 01.020 BS 8430:2005 This British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 19 January 2005 BSI 19 January 2005 The following BSI references relate to the work on this Britis

2、h Standard: Committee reference TS/1 Draft for comment 04/30089469 DC ISBN 0 580 45115 1 Committees responsible for this British Standard The preparation of this British Standard was entrusted to Technical Committee TS/1, Terminology, upon which the following bodies were represented: AQRP Associatio

3、n of Quality Research Practitioners Association of Contact Lens Manufacturers BCS British Computer Society British Library CILIP Chartered Institute of Library and Information Professionals Foundation for Endangered Languages Imperial College London Lancaster University Linguasphere Observatory Nott

4、ingham University Surrey County Council Education Authority University of Bangor University of Sheffield University of Surrey Co-opted member Amendments issued since publication Amd. No. Date CommentsBS 8430:2005 BSI 19 January 2005 i Contents Page Committees responsible Inside front cover Foreword

5、ii 0 Introduction 1 1S c o p e 2 2 Normative references 2 3T e r m s a n d d e f i n i t i o n s 2 4 Terminology projects 2 5 Term extraction 7 6 Terminography 19 7 Terminology and standardization 21 Annex A (informative) Examples of definitions 25 Bibliography 26 Figure 1 Processes necessary to ens

6、ure transparent, accurate, unambiguous and terminologically sound language resources 3 Figure 2 Identifying, evaluating and recording documentation 3 Figure 3 Form concept systems 4 Figure 4 Craft definitions 4 Figure 5 Craft terms for preferred term entry 5 Figure 6 Documentation of terminology pro

7、duct for use 5 Figure 7 The welding process concept system 6BS 8430:2005 ii BSI 19 January 2005 Foreword This British Standard has been prepared by Technical Committee TS/1 to provide an introductory guide to the detailed standards on terminology work that are to be found in the set of documents pro

8、duced by Technical Committee 37 of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immuni

9、ty from legal obligations. Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i and ii, pages 1 to 26, an inside back cover and a back cover. The BSI copyright notice displayed in this document indicates when the document was last issued.BS 8430:2005 BSI 19 January

10、2005 1 0 Introduction 0.1 Information as raw material Information is an important raw material in all branches and aspects of modern economy. The prerequisite for optimal use of this raw material within the economy is clarity of concepts and terms used. Clarity of concept description as a quality ch

11、aracteristic of information within a subject field is as necessary for understanding within its language of origin as it is when translation into another language is needed. 0.2 Common language and multilingualism The growth of the modern information society and globalization of human activity has l

12、ed to an equivalent growth in the use of English as the worlds common language and, at the same time and to the same extent, a growth in an understanding of the importance of multilingual communication if the wealth to be derived from human diversity is to be sustained. This fact and the rapid devel

13、opment of information technologies as well as world-wide networking of databases has made parallel usage of several languages a matter of course. 0.3 Terminology work The field of terminology aims to provide the tools to manage and access knowledge of differing degrees of complexity in order to faci

14、litate the development of a specialized language that will be widely understood. Terminology represents the totality of conceptual information on a specific subject field and its representation in terms (codes or symbols) and definitions. Terminology work consists of preparation and development (inc

15、luding harmonization and unification) of tools to facilitate efficient subject communication and knowledge organization; and management systematic, computer-assisted recording, processing and use of monolingual and multilingual, terminological data in all fields of science and technology. 0.4 Terms

16、and definitions, words and dictionary meanings Terminology work is concerned with producing concept descriptions (definitions) with appropriate designations (terms) for concepts when the specialized descriptive needs of a subject field cannot be met by reference to a dictionary word and one of its l

17、isted meanings. The intended goal of producing a terminology is to increase the capability to communicate specialized information with common understanding. This British Standard and the documents upon which it is based provide guidance and recommendations on the principles and practices that charac

18、terize terminology work and lead to the creation of terminology. There is a widespread misunderstanding that terminology work is intuitive. It is thought that experts in a subject field who are willing to do so, can produce terminology efficiently and effectively simply because they are subject fiel

19、d experts and speak the language in which the terminology is being developed. 0.5 Jargon Jargon is a description that can be applied to specialized language that significantly fails to follow the recommendations of this standard. For example, where a terminology contains terms with prescriptive defi

20、nitions as opposed to descriptive definitions (a prescriptive definition includes one or more characteristics as a requirement because it is desirable for the purposes of the people creating the definition, not because it forms an essential characteristic for the description of the concept): a) this

21、 type of error, is likely to be significant in its harmful impact on the quality characteristic requirements of transparency and accuracy of concept description in a standardized terminology; b) this type of error can be described as jargon because it amounts to specialized language that may or may

22、not relate to the understanding people generally would infer of the concept. NOTE A prescriptive definition is a terminology device that can be employed by legislative regulation.BS 8430:2005 2 BSI 19 January 2005 1 Scope This British Standard provides guidance for efficient and effective preparatio

23、n, development, documenting and storing of terminology for use when communication of common understanding of meaning within a subject field is required. This British Standard is intended for use by anyone needing to produce terminology. 2 Normative references The following documents are indispensabl

24、e for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. BS 0-3, A standard for standards Part 3: Specification for structure, drafting and presentation. BS

25、ISO 31-0:1992, Quantities and units Part 0: General principles (previously BS 5775-0:1993). BS ISO 704, Terminology work Principles and methods. BS ISO 1087-1, Terminology work Vocabulary Part 1: Theory and application. BS ISO 15188, Project management guidelines for terminology standardization. ISO

26、 10241, International terminology standards Preparation and layout. ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2, Rules for the structure and drafting of International Standards. 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this British Standard, the terms and definitions in BS ISO 1087-1 apply. 4 Terminology projects

27、 4.1 Flow charts of processes In order for effective terminology products to be produced efficiently, the processes shown in Figure 1, Figure 2, Figure 3, Figure 4, Figure 5, Figure 6 and Figure 7 should be followed. BS 8430:2005 BSI 19 January 2005 3 Figure 1 Processes necessary to ensure transpare

28、nt, accurate, unambiguous and terminologically sound language resources Figure 2 Identifying, evaluating and recording documentation 6.3 Order and store term entries for use 5.4 Assign terms 5.3 Craft definitions 5.2.2Form concept systems Clause 5Identify and record documents for term extraction Doc

29、uments containing potential technical concepts Assign code and make bibliographic reference Collected documents Identify and evaluate documents Select Input Output Yes NoBS 8430:2005 4 BSI 19 January 2005 Figure 3 Form concept systems Figure 4 Craft definitions Do concept systems already exist? Can

30、they be harmonized? Abstract information from sources Select form of representation of concepts Model concept systems Selected concepts Harmonized concept system diagram (to be stored as a tool) Yes Yes No No Validate definitions in text Adopt or adapt Data for definitions Standardized definitions D

31、efinition with sourceVerify definition Include in concept Craft definitionsBS 8430:2005 BSI 19 January 2005 5 Figure 5 Craft terms for preferred term entry Figure 6 Documentation of terminology product for use Craft new term Yes More than one? Do terms exist? Yes No No Terms and synonyms Verify and

32、validate preferred terms Determine preferred terms and synonyms Terminological product meeting teminological needs Evaluate comment and update the document until users are satisfied Circulate to users for comment Assign codes and order entries in document Crafted terms and definitionsBS 8430:2005 6

33、BSI 19 January 2005 4.2 Project management Project management techniques need to be employed in all but the smallest terminology projects. The project leader has a choice between two organizational models the committee work model and the terminology-centred model. In the traditional committee work m

34、odel an individual with experience in terminology work is a member of (or consultant to) a working group; in the terminology-centred model an individual with experience in terminology work produces the vocabulary with a single subject specialist or with subject specialists as consultants. BS ISO 151

35、88 deals in greater depth with the committee work model, but its guidance can easily be adapted to the terminology-centred model. Some terminology projects are modest, e.g. drafting the terms and definitions clause of a standard. In such cases the terminology project will either be considered part o

36、f a larger project (from which it will derive its project management procedures) or it will use the general procedures followed by the organization carrying out the exercise (see Clause 7). Figure 7 The welding process concept system Welding Processes Weld Carbon-arc weld Tungsten inert-gas weld (by

37、 electrode) Metal-arc weld (by whether gas active or inert) Metal inert-gas weld Metal active-gas weld (by gas) Carbon-dioxide weld (by shielding) Manual metal-arc weld) Submerged-arc weld gas-shielded metal arc weld (by heat for fusion) Arc Weld Fusion weld weld with pressure (by radiation source o

38、f heat for fusion Laser weld Arc image weld Gas weld Aluminothermic weld Electronic beam weld Light radiation weldBS 8430:2005 BSI 19 January 2005 7 5 Term extraction 5.1 Identifying, evaluating and recording documentation (see Figure 2) Relevant documentation should be identified within the scope o

39、f the project and relevant sources should be consulted. The types of documentation that can be used include the following: a) authoritative documents (standards, industry conventions, laws, regulations); b) documents generally recognized by experts within the subject field (textbooks, periodicals),

40、the authors of which should be recognized authorities in their field; c) current but not necessarily generally recognized material (pamphlets, reports); NOTE 1 Out of date documents may not reflect current terminology. d) human sources (members of the working group, project team and other experts);

41、e) terminology databases, bearing in mind that terminologies can reflect a specific school of thought; f) vocabularies, dictionaries and encyclopaedias (vocabularies should have been prepared using recognized terminological research methods). NOTE 2 Examples, illustrations and/or concept systems can

42、 be found in a variety of sources. All documentation should be evaluated against criteria related to the scope of the project. Translated material should only be used in exceptional cases and only after the reliability of the translation has been assessed translators experience (number of published

43、translations from and to the relevant languages), his/her knowledge of the language of origin for the material, whether he/she is translating into his/her mother tongue, his/her knowledge of the subject matter of the translation and whether he/she has published works of his/her own in the subject fi

44、eld. A list of bibliographic references should be compiled, giving sufficient bibliographical data for documents to be retrieved. 5.2 Selecting and analysing concepts 5.2.1 Selection of concepts 5.2.1.1 With the objectives of the project in mind, each source of documentation should be consulted and

45、all relevant information (definitions, terms, synonyms, antonyms and contextual information) extracted in one operation. 5.2.1.2 Although the work begins with a list of terms, each of these terms is a representation of a concept. Concepts consist of properties and relationships abstracted from indiv

46、idual objects. These features are the characteristics of the concepts. Different combinations of characteristics distinguish one concept from another and serve as a basis for the identification and classification of concepts. Thus concepts are the mental representations of objects within a subject f

47、ield. 5.2.1.3 The following types of concept should be represented in the term list: a) concepts specific to the subject field; b) concepts common to several subject fields; c) concepts taken from other subject fields because they are needed for the current project; d) general language concepts. 5.2

48、.2 Modelling concept systems (see Figure 3) Before drafting a definition, the relations existing between the concept and the concepts to which it is related should be determined as well as the relations between these other concepts and each other. These relationships should be reflected in a concept

49、 system. Producing the concept system is a helpful rationalization of the definition process and, once carried out, all related concepts for which definitions are needed can be identified, defined and provided with an appropriate term quickly and easily. The concept system also minimizes the risk of gaps between definitions (because they are not collectively exhaustive) or of overlapping definitions being produced (because they are not mutually e