1、BS 8469:2007Personal protective equipment for firefighters Assessment of ergonomic performance and compatibility Requirements and test methodsICS 13.220; 13.340NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWBRITISH STANDARDIncorporatingCorrigenda Nos. 1 and 2Publishing and cop
2、yright informationThe BSI copyright notice displayed in this document indicates when the document was last issued. BSI 2007ISBN 978 0 580 62160 4The following BSI references relate to the work on this standard:Committee reference PH/14Draft for comment DC05/30118212Publication historyFirst (present)
3、 edition, May 2007Amendments issued since publicationAmd. no. Date Text affected17454Corrigendum No. 131 October 2007 Correction to Figure C.3Corrigendum No. 2Correction to Figure C.1.2 500 Nm corrected to 25 Nm in D.8.2.1BS 8469:200731 March 2008 iBS 8469:2007ContentsForeword iiiIntroduction 11 Sco
4、pe 22 Normative references 23 Terms and definitions 34 General 35 Test ensemble 46 Test subjects 77 Statistical testing 88 Performance tests and requirements 99 Test report 13AnnexesAnnex A (informative)Experimental design and statistical testing 15Annex B (normative) Test preparations 20Annex C (no
5、rmative) Restriction of movement 21Annex D (normative)Manual dexterity 31AnnexE (normative) Sound attenuation 35Annex F (normative) Thermal strain 36Annex G (informative) Selection oftype oftesting for thermal strain 40Annex H (informative) Example of subjective questionnaire 42Bibliography 43List o
6、f figuresFigure A.1 Latin square design for three ensembles,six subjects 16Figure C.1 Default cabsimulation dimensions 24Figure C.2 Dimensions of ladder and sill obstacle 27Figure C.3 Suitable layout for crawl gallery exercise (plan view) 30List of tablesTable 1 Items of PPE required to be worn for
7、a particular itemundergoing assessment by benchmark testing in accordance with Table 2, if they are part of an ensemble 5Table 2 Parameters from Clause8 required to be assessed for a particular item undergoing either benchmark testing or comparative testing 6Table 3 Requirements forrestriction of mo
8、vement imposed by ensembles 10Table 4 Rating of objective ensemble performance against benchmark condition 10Table 5 Requirements for benchmark assessment of manual dexterity 11Table 6 Ratingof soundattenuation 12Table 7 Performance requirements for benchmark tests of ensemble thermal strain 13Table
9、 A.1 Number of subjects for a difference to be likely to be statistically significant 18 BSI 2008BS 8469:2007ii Table C.1 Subjective aspects to be assessed as a minimum don in cab 24Table C.2 Subjective aspects to be assessed as a minimum doff/don gloves 25Table C.3 Subjective aspects to be assessed
10、 as a minimum ladder raise 25Table C.4 Subjective aspects to be assessed as a minimum window sill obstacle 26Table C.5 Subjective aspects to be assessed as a minimum hoserolling 28Table C.6 Subjectiveaspects to be assessed as a minimum stretching 28Table C.7 Subjective aspects to be assessed as a mi
11、nimum crawl gallery 30Table C.8 Subjective aspects to be assessed as a minimum final opinion 31Summary of pagesThis document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pagesitoiv, pages 1 to 44, an inside back cover and a back cover. BSI 2008 iiiBS 8469:2007ForewordPublishing informationThis Br
12、itish Standard is published by BSI and came into effect on 31 May 2007. It was prepared by Technical Committee PH/14, Firefighters Personal Protective Equipment. A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request toits secretary.Relationship with other publicationsThis
13、standard reflects the guidance in BS EN 139211) on applying ergonomic principles for personal protective equipment (PPE).This standard complements the existing range of British Standards thatexist for individual items of PPE byproviding a method of testing the individual items as an ensemble.Attenti
14、on is drawn to the following statutory regulations.1 ThePersonal Protective Equipment Regulations 2002.2 The Personal Protective Equipment at Work Regulations 1992 (as amended).Information about this documentIt has been assumed in the preparation of this British Standard that the execution of its pr
15、ovisions will be entrusted to appropriatelyqualified and experienced people, for whose use it has been produced.Presentational conventionsThe provisionsof this standard are presented in roman (i.e. upright) type. Its requirements are expressed in sentences in which the principal auxiliary verb is “s
16、hall”. Apparatus items can also be in italic type, but will be of normal text size, unlike informative material, suchas notes.Commentary, explanation and general informative material is presented in smaller italic type, and does not constitute a normative element.Contractual and legal considerations
17、This publication does not purport to include all the necessaryprovisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application.Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations.1) In preparation.WARNING. This British Standard calls for the use of substances
18、and/or procedures that can be injurious to health if adequate precautions are not taken. It refersonly to technical suitability and does not absolve the user from legal obligations relating to healthand safetyat any stage. BSI 2008iv This page deliberately left blankBS 8469:2007 BSI 2008 1BS 8469:20
19、07IntroductionThe potentially severely adverse environments in which firefighters canbe called upon to operate, present considerable challenges in protectingthe firefighter. The personalprotective equipment (PPE) provided by employers offers a high degree of technical performance thereby helping to
20、minimize the risk of injuries. Almost by definition,any item ofPPE introduces a barrier between part or partsof thebody and the externalenvironment. Whilst this barrier is essential for protecting the body, it has long been recognized that this can have unwantedside-effects on the wearer in terms of
21、 imposing additional physical workload, hindering movement, impairing sensory perception or in some cases causing considerable discomfort. Such side-effects can reduce the efficiency of task performance and/or encourage the user not to wear the PPE correctly thereby impairing the level of protection
22、 afforded.This problem has been recognized inlegislation. The EC Directive on personal protective equipment 3 enactedin the UKby The PersonalProtective Equipment Regulations 2002 1 places duties on PPE manufacturers to take account of ergonomic requirements, whilst the associated EC Directive on the
23、 use by workers of personal protective equipment at the workplace4 enacted in the UK by The Personal Protective Equipment at Work Regulations 1992 (as amended) 2 places similar duties on employers providing PPE for use.To facilitate compliance with such legislation, European technical product standa
24、rds for individual itemsof PPE are gradually introducing tests for ergonomic characteristics. However, such standards are for testing individual productsand seldom include the assessmentofinteractions with other itemsof PPE except in isolated cases (e.g. helmet-mounted ear-muffs conforming to BS EN
25、352-3) where they are an essential element of their use. This standard has therefore been prepared to enable firefighters PPE ensembles to be evaluated and objectively assessed for ergonomic performance as a complete ensemble, rather than in their component parts. The general approach and the testin
26、g methodology included here have been developed under the DTI Consultancy Drafting Scheme, and incorporate practical experience gained during a major contemporary assessment of firefighters PPE ensembles. The content of thisstandard has largely been developed against the background of the needs of P
27、PE for structural firefighting ensembles but it might beapplicable to PPE ensembles utilized in other circumstances, e.g. wildland firefighting. Itisanticipated that it will be used by the Fire and Rescue Service andother firefighting organizations inevaluating their existing ensembles, proposed cha
28、nges toindividual itemsof PPE within these ensembles, or potential replacement ensembles,against a set ofperformance parameters derived from this standard.Manufacturers or consortia can also use this standard toensureor demonstrate the usability of combinations oftheir products.In eithercase, the as
29、sistance of suitably qualified and competent thermal physiologists/ergonomists will be required to both develop the performance parameters, and to assess the results of these trials against those parameters. BSI 2008BS 8469:20072 1ScopeThis British Standard specifies requirements and testmethods for
30、 the objective and subjective evaluation of the ergonomic and thermal impact of personal protective equipment (PPE) ensembles, including clothing and respiratory protective equipment (RPE), onfirefighters.This standard is not intended to be used in place of methods for assessing the performance of i
31、ndividual items of PPE specified in their product standards. It specifies the testing of individual items of PPE as an ensemble so that the compatibility of the individual items can beevaluated and any adverse interactions between the individual items can be identified.It specifies requirements for
32、testing by either assessing the performance of a PPE ensemble against a benchmark condition (i.e. benchmark testing) or assessing the performance of two or more PPE ensembles against each other (i.e. comparative testing).The standard incorporates practical performance testing as well as laboratory-b
33、ased testing.The results of the testing in this standard can assistemployers who use PPE to demonstrate compliance with the EC Directive on personal protective equipment at the workplace4, enacted in the UK by The Personal Protective Equipment at Work Regulations 2002 2.This standard can be used by
34、end users, Notified Bodies, manufacturers or others to compare the performance of different ensembles as part of a firefighters PPE selection process, thereby assisting employers in demonstrating compliance with The Personal Protective Equipment at Work Regulations 1992 (as amended) 2.The standard c
35、an be used to assess the performance of an ensemble that incorporatesan item of PPE that has never before been incorporated into the ensemble.2Normative referencesThe following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition citedap
36、plies. For undatedreferences, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.BS 6391, Specification for Non-percolating layflat delivery hoses and hose assemblies for fire fighting purposesBS EN 420, Protective gloves General requirements and test methods BS EN 1147
37、:2001, Portable ladders for fire service useBS EN ISO 12894, Ergonomics of the thermalenvironment Medical supervision of individuals exposed to extreme hot or coldenvironmentsBS EN ISO 9886, Ergonomics Evaluation of thermal strain by physiological measurementsBS EN ISO 11904-1:2002, Acoustics Determ
38、ination of sound immission from sound sources placed close to the ear Part 1: Technique using a microphone in a real ear (MIRE technique) BSI 2008 3BS 8469:2007BS EN 61260:1996, Electroacoustics Octave-band and fractional-octave-band filtersBS EN 61672-1:2003, Electroacoustics Sound level meters Par
39、t1: Specifications3Terms and definitionsFor the purpose of this British Standard the following terms anddefinitions apply.3.1 benchmark conditiontest subject wearing non-restrictive, minimal, light clothing such as a light track suit and light, flexible footwear such as trainersNOTE 1 Where the safe
40、ty of the individual is at risk during ergonomic or thermal testing through the use of this benchmark condition, an alternative condition can be agreed withthe client.NOTE 2 Where sweat production/evaporationis being evaluated, track suits covering the body, arms and legs are preferable to shorts/t-
41、shirts, as this avoids inaccuracies resulting fromdripping sweat.3.2 benchmark testingassessing the performance of anensembleagainst the benchmark condition3.3 comparative testingassessing the performance of twoor more ensembles against each other3.4 ensemblethose specific items of PPE and other ite
42、ms of clothing and accessories, e.g. radio, worn together for the purposes of benchmark and comparative testing3.5 personal protective equipment (PPE)device, appliance or clothing designed tobe worn byan individual forprotection against one or more health and/or safety hazards, including clothing wh
43、ich covers or replaces personal clothingBS 7963:2000, definition 3.8 3.6 under clothingany garments, either intentionally protective or otherwise, which are intended to be worn beneath outer protective clothing. These can be part of an ensemble under test, or worn with it(e.g. underwear, stationwear
44、).4GeneralA balanced experimental design shall be used for both the benchmark and comparative testing of ensembles to ensure thatthe order ofexperimentation does not influence the test results.NOTE Guidance on how to achieve a balanced experimental design is given in Annex A. BSI 2008BS 8469:20074 5
45、Test ensemble5.1 GeneralAll the items of a test ensemble shall be worn in accordance with the relevant instructions by the test subject during testing.A complete description of a test ensemble shall be recorded in a test report conforming to Clause 9 . If a range ofoutergarmentsonlyisbeing compared,
46、 any garments worn beneath these variants shall be keptconstant throughout the testing.Similarly, close fitting or bulky garments can impact on mobility. To avoid any misinterpretation, any description of a test ensemble shall include all clothing layers from the skin outwards, footwear, handwear an
47、d headwear (including helmets,hearing protection, communications systems and respiratory protection).NOTE Although items of clothing being worn with the ensemble might notbe classified as PPE they can have substantial influence on ensemble performance. For example, clothing worn beneath protective c
48、lothing can influence heat exchange and consequent thermal comfort or safety.All testing shall either be conducted:a) in an absolute comparison against an “unencumbered” minimally restrictive benchmark condition, i.e. benchmark testing inaccordance with 5.2 ; orb) to compare two or more PPE ensemble
49、s (with comparable protective functions), i.e. comparative testing in accordancewith 5.3 .5.2 Benchmark testingWhere all the items of an ensemble are undergoingassessment by benchmark testing, all the items of the ensemble shall be new and each ensemble shall be subjected to relevant tests specified in Clause 8 . Where only a selection ofthe items ofan ensemble are undergoing assessment by benchmark testing, those items being tested and all of those items which p
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