1、raising standards worldwideNO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWBSI Standards PublicationDD CEN/TS 16115-1:2011Ambient air quality Measurement of bioaerosolsPart 1: Determination of moulds using filter sampling systems and culture-based analysesDD CEN/TS 16115-1:2011
2、 DRAFT FOR DEVELOPMENTNational forewordThis Draft for Development is the UK implementation of CEN/TS 16115-1:2011.This publication is not to be regarded as a British Standard.It is being issued in the Draft for Development series of publications and is of a provisional nature. It should be applied o
3、n this provisional basis, so that information and experience of its practical application can be obtained.Comments arising from the use of this Draft for Development are requested so that UK experience can be reported to the international organization responsible for its conversion to an internation
4、al standard. A review of this publication will be initiated not later than 3 years after its publication by the international organization so that a decision can be taken on its status. Notification of the start of the review period will be made in an announcement in the appropriate issue of Update
5、Standards.According to the replies received by the end of the review period, the responsible BSI Committee will decide whether to support the conversion into an international Standard, to extend the life of the T e c h n i c a l S p e c i f i c a t i o n o r t o w i t h d r a w i t . C o m m e n t s
6、 s h o u l d b e s e n t to the Secretary of the responsible BSI Technical Committee at British Standards House, 389 Chiswick High Road, London W4 4AL.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to T e c h n i c a l C o m m i t t e e E H / 2 / 1 , S t a t i o n a r y s o u r c e e m i s s
7、i o n .A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. BSI 2011ISBN 978 0 580 71038 4ICS 13.040.20Compliance w
8、ith a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations.This Draft for Development was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 May 2011.Amendments issued since publicationDate T e x t a f f e c t e dDD CEN/TS 16115-1:2011TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION
9、 SPCIFICATION TECHNIQUE TECHNISCHE SPEZIFIKATION CEN/TS 16115-1 April 2011 ICS 13.040.20 English Version Ambient air quality - Measurement of bioaerosols - Part 1: Determination of moulds using filter sampling systems and culture-based analyses Qualit de lair ambiant - Mesurage de bioarosols - Parti
10、e 1: Dosage des moisissures laide de systmes de prlvement sur filtres et danalyses de cultures Luftbeschaffenheit - Messen von Bioaerosolen - Teil 1: Bestimmung von Schimmelpilzen mittels Probenahme auf Filtern und kulturellem Nachweis This Technical Specification (CEN/TS) was approved by CEN on 4 O
11、ctober 2010 for provisional application. The period of validity of this CEN/TS is limited initially to three years. After two years the members of CEN will be requested to submit their comments, particularly on the question whether the CEN/TS can be converted into a European Standard. CEN members ar
12、e required to announce the existence of this CEN/TS in the same way as for an EN and to make the CEN/TS available promptly at national level in an appropriate form. It is permissible to keep conflicting national standards in force (in parallel to the CEN/TS) until the final decision about the possib
13、le conversion of the CEN/TS into an EN is reached. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, No
14、rway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2011 CEN All rights of exploitation in any for
15、m and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. CEN/TS 16115-1:2011: EDD CEN/TS 16115-1:2011CEN/TS 16115-1:2011 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword 3Introduction .41 Scope 52 Normative references 53 Terms and definitions .54 Symbols and abbreviations 85 Basic principle of the metho
16、d 86 Sampling .97 Culture-based analyses . 158 Performance characteristics and minimum requirements . 229 Quality assurance . 2310 Trouble shooting during sampling and analyses 23Annex A (informative) Example for a validated sampling device 26Annex B (informative) Recovery of spores on gelatine filt
17、ers in combination with polycarbonate filters 32Annex C (informative) Examples for sampling and analyses reports 35Annex D (informative) Membrane filtration technique 41Annex E (informative) Calculation by weighted mean 42Bibliography . 44DD CEN/TS 16115-1:2011CEN/TS 16115-1:2011 (E) 3 Foreword This
18、 document (CEN/TS 16115-1:2011) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 264 “Air quality”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held respo
19、nsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to announce this Technical Specification: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
20、Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. DD CEN/TS 16115-1:2011CEN/TS 16115-1:2011 (E) 4 Introduction Airborne parti
21、cles of biological origin are called bioaerosols. Depending on the emission source bioaerosols vary in composition; one component of ambient bioaerosols with possible ecological and health relevance can be moulds. Natural and anthropogenic sources for mould spores are widely distributed in the envir
22、onment. Anthropogenic sources can for example be agriculture and construction activities or waste treatment. Mould is a common name for filamentous fungi from different taxonomic groups (Zygomycetes, Ascomycetes, Deuteromycetes). They form a mycelium (hyphae) and spores namely conidiospores (conidia
23、), sporangiospores or ascospores by which they become visible macroscopically. Most spores are in the size range of 2 m to 10 m, some up to 30 m and only few up to 100 m. Spores of some mould genera are small and become airborne very easily (e.g., Aspergillus, Penicillium) while others are bigger an
24、d/or embedded in a slime matrix (e.g., Stachybotrys, Fusarium) and less mobile. The procedure described in this document is based on VDI 4252 Part 2 1, VDI 4253 Part 2 2and is related to the ISO standards on indoor air ISO 16000-16 3 and ISO 16000-17 4. DD CEN/TS 16115-1:2011CEN/TS 16115-1:2011 (E)
25、5 1 Scope This Technical Specification describes the measurement of moulds in ambient air in order to identify, quantify and characterize bioaerosol pollution in ambient air resulting from emissions from different sources. The method described specifies the sampling of moulds as part of the suspende
26、d particulate matter (SPM, here particles with aerodynamic diameter up to ca. 30 m) using a filter sampling system with gelatine/poly-carbonate filter combination followed by the culture-based analyses on DG18 agar. The sampling duration can be varied between 10 min to 24 h. The health effect of bio
27、aerosols is not limited to any particle fraction, therefore, this document describes the sampling of moulds as part of the suspended particulate matter as a convention method. NOTE The sampling method described in this document in principle is likely to be appropriate for the sampling of actinomycet
28、es and other spore-forming bacteria (resistant to desiccation). For these species a special analytical procedure using different culture media should be applied, but this is not within the scope of this document. The standard method set out in this Technical Specification is accepted by convention a
29、s reference method. The measured quantity, here the number of colony forming units per cubic meter (CFU/m3), is determined by the inlet design of the sampling head, the associated operational parameters and the analytical procedure. Standardized methods for sampling, detection and enumeration of mou
30、lds including standards for sampling strategies are important for comparative assessment of moulds in ambient air. Before doing any measurements a plan for the measurement strategy is necessary (see CEN/TS 16115-2 5). WARNING The use of this Technical Specification may involve hazardous materials, o
31、perations and equipment. This Technical Specification does not purport to address all the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prio
32、r to use. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN ISO 8199:2007
33、, Water quality General guidance on the enumeration of micro-organisms by culture (ISO 8199:2005) 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 3.1 aerodynamic diameter diameter of a sphere of density 1 g/cm with the same terminal velocity due
34、to gravitational force in calm air as the particle, under the prevailing conditions of temperature, pressure and relative humidity ISO 7708:1995, 2.2 6 3.2 ambient air outdoor air in the lower troposphere excluding workplace air EN 14907:2005, 3.1.1 7 3.3 analytical blank value value determined by a
35、 blank sample covering the analytical procedure to ensure that no significant contamination occurs during the complete analytical procedure including autoclaving, agar preparation, suspension and extraction of the filters, dilution, incubation, counting, etc. DD CEN/TS 16115-1:2011CEN/TS 16115-1:201
36、1 (E) 6 3.4 bioaerosol airborne particles of biological origin EN 13098:2000, 3.3 8. NOTE Bioaerosols in the sense of this document are all aggregations of particles in the atmosphere to which fungi (spores, conidia, fragments of hyphae), bacteria, viruses and/or pollen as well as their cell membran
37、e components and metabolites (e.g. endotoxins, mycotoxins) are attached or that consist of the above mentioned components. 3.5 biological sampling efficiency biological preservation efficiency capacity of the sampler to maintain the viability of the airborne microorganisms during collection and also
38、 to keep the microbial products intact EN 13098:2000, 3.4 8 NOTE The biological sampling efficiency considers the sampling stress occurring during sampling and analysis in addition to the physical sampling efficiency. It refers to the proportion (in percent) of collected organisms which have not los
39、t the ability to be cultured subsequently. It is strain- and species specific. 3.6 colony count number of all visible colonies of microorganisms on a culture medium after incubation under the selected conditions 3.7 Colony Forming Unit CFU unit by which the culturable number of microorganisms is exp
40、ressed EN 13098:2000, 3.5 8. NOTE 1 One Colony Forming Unit can originate from one single microorganism, an aggregate of many microorganisms or from one or many microorganisms attached to one particle. NOTE 2 The number of outgrowing colonies depends on cultivation conditions. 3.8 culture-based anal
41、yses cultivation growing of microorganisms on culture media ISO 16000-16:2008, 3.6 3 NOTE The prerequisites for the detection are the abilities to grow and propagate. 3.9 face velocity air flow rate divided by the face area NOTE 1 The face velocity is expressed in metres per second. Adapted from EN
42、779:2002, 3.11 9 NOTE 2 In this document, the face velocity is defined as the volume flow rate divided by the effective filter area. DD CEN/TS 16115-1:2011CEN/TS 16115-1:2011 (E) 7 3.10 field blank value value determined by a blank sample covering the complete measurement procedure including prepara
43、tion, sampling, transport and analyses to ensure that no significant contamination has occurred during all steps of measurement and to check that the operator can achieve a quantification level adapted to the task NOTE A field blank sample is a sample taken in an identical manner as the real sample,
44、 but without sucking air through the sampling device. The resulting blank represents the number of CFU entering the sample simply by handling the filter during sampling. The results of the field blanks are not used for correction of measurement results but to detect sampling errors. 3.11 filtration
45、sampling of particles suspended in gas or liquid by flow through a porous medium EN 13098:2000, 3.11 8 NOTE In this document, filtration is understood as the separation of moulds from a defined volume of air by means of filters. 3.12 indirect method suspension of deposited microorganisms with subseq
46、uent plating of aliquots on a suitable culture medium, incubation and counting of colonies growing under the conditions selected Adapted from ISO 16000-17:2008, 3.3 4 3.13 microbial air pollution concentrations of airborne microorganisms that exceed natural concentrations or differ in type from the
47、naturally occurring mircoorganisms 3.14 microorganism microbial entity, either cellular or non cellular, that is capable of multiplication or transfer of genetic material, or entities that have lost these properties EN 13098:2000, 3.16 8 3.15 mould filamentous fungi from several taxonomic groups nam
48、ely Zygomycetes, Ascomycetes (Ascomycota) and Deuteromycetes (fungi imperfecti) NOTE Moulds form different types of spores depending on the taxonomic group they belong to, namely conidiospores (conidia), sporangiospores or ascospores. ISO 16000-16:2008, 3.9 3 3.16 physical sampling efficiency capaci
49、ty of the sampling device to collect particles with specific sizes suspended in ambient air Adapted from EN 13098:2000, 3.17 8 DD CEN/TS 16115-1:2011CEN/TS 16115-1:2011 (E) 8 3.17 PM2,5 fraction of suspended particulate matter which passes through a size-selective inlet with a 50 % cut-off efficiency at 2,5 m aerodynamic diameter EN 14907:2005, 3.1.5 7 NOTE By convention, the size-selective standard inlet design prescribed in EN 14907:2005,
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