BS DD ENV 14383-2-2003 Prevention of crime - Urban planning and design - Urban planning《犯罪预防 城市规划和设计 城市规划》.pdf

1、Licensed Copy: Wang Bin, ISO/Exchange China Standards Information Centre, 21 April 2004, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSIDRAFT FOR DEVELOPMENT DD ENV 14383-2:2003 Prevention of crime Urban planning and design Part 2: Urban planning ICS 13.310; 91.020 Licensed Copy: Wang Bin, ISO/Exchange China Standards I

2、nformation Centre, 21 April 2004, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSIDD ENV 14383-2:2003 This Draft for Development was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 10 February 2004 BSI 10 February 2004 ISBN 0 580 43412 5 National foreword This Draft for Development is the

3、official English language version of ENV 14383-2:2003. This publication is not to be regarded as a British Standard. It is being issued in the Draft for Development series of publications and is of a provisional nature to give all countries the opportunity to compare experiences and to harmonize pro

4、cedures. It should be applied on this provisional basis, so that information and experience of its practical application may be obtained. Comments arising from the use of this Draft for Development are requested so that UK experience can be reported to the European organization responsible for its c

5、onversion to a European Standard. A review of this publication will be initiated 2 years after its publication by the European organization so that a decision can be taken on its status at the end of its 3-year life. Notification of the start of the review period will be made in an announcement in t

6、he appropriate issue of Update Standards. According to the replies received by the end of the review period, the responsible BSI Committee will decide whether to support the conversion into a European Standard, to extend the life of the prestandard or to withdraw it. Comments should be sent in writi

7、ng to the Secretary of BSI Subcommittee B/209/10, Security of buildings against crime, at British Standards House, 389 Chiswick High Road, London W4 4AL, giving the document reference and clause number and proposing, where possible, an appropriate revision of the text. A list of organizations repres

8、ented on this subcommittee can be obtained on request to its secretary. Cross-references The British Standards which implement international or European publications referred to in this document may be found in the BSI Catalogue under the section entitled “International Standards Correspondence Inde

9、x”, or by using the “Search” facility of the BSI Electronic Catalogue or of British Standards Online. Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, the ENV title page, pages 2 to 47 and a back cover. The BSI copyright notice displayed in this document indicates when

10、the document was last issued. Amendments issued since publication Amd. No. Date Comments Licensed Copy: Wang Bin, ISO/Exchange China Standards Information Centre, 21 April 2004, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSIEUROPEANPRESTANDARD PRNORMEEUROPENNE EUROPISCHEVORNORM ENV143832 December2003 ICS13.310;91.020 E

11、nglishversion PreventionofcrimeUrbanplanninganddesignPart2:Urban planning PrventiondelamalveillanceUrbanismeetconception desbtimentsPartie2:Urbanisme VorbeugendeKriminalittsbekmpfungStadtund GebudeplanungTeil2:Stadtplannung ThisEuropeanPrestandard(ENV)wasapprovedbyCENon21November2002asaprospectivest

12、andardforprovisionalapplication. TheperiodofvalidityofthisENVislimitedinitiallytothreeyears.AftertwoyearsthemembersofCENwillberequestedto submittheir comments,particularlyonthequestionwhethertheENVcanbeconvertedintoaEuropeanStandard. CENmembersarerequiredtoannouncetheexistenceofthisENVinthesamewayas

13、foranENandtomaketheENVavailablepromp tly atnationallevelinanappropriateform.Itispermissibletokeepconflictingnationalstandardsinforce(inparalleltothe ENV)untilthefinal decisionaboutthepossibleconversionoftheENVintoanENisreached. CENmembersarethenationalstandardsbodiesofAustria,Belgium,CzechRepublic,D

14、enmark,Finland,France,Germany,Greece, Hungary,Iceland,Ireland,Italy,Luxembourg,Malta,Netherlands,Norway,Portugal,Slovakia,Spain,Sweden,SwitzerlandandUn ited Kingdom. EUROPEANCOMMITTEEFORSTANDARDIZATION COMITEUROPENDENORMALISATION EUROPISCHESKOMITEEFRNORMUNG ManagementCentre:ruedeStassart,36B1050Brus

15、sels 2003CEN Allrightsofexploitationinanyformandbyanymeansreserved worldwideforCENnationalMembers. Ref.No.ENV143832:2003E Licensed Copy: Wang Bin, ISO/Exchange China Standards Information Centre, 21 April 2004, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSIENV143832:2003(E) 2 Contents Foreword3 Introduction .4 1 Scope7

16、 2 Normativereferences 7 3 Termsanddefinitions . 7 4 Preliminaryquestions:thearea,itscrimeproblemsandthestakeholders .7 4.1 General7 4.2 Where:Identificationofthearea . 8 4.2.1 Focusonurbanenvironments . .8 4.2.2 Levelatwhichactioncanbetaken .9 4.2.3 Typeofarea 11 4.3 What:Problemidentification .12

17、4.3.1 Crime 12 4.3.2 Fearofcrime. 13 4.4 Who:Stakeholders. .13 4.5 Insum:identificationofwhere,whatandwho . .14 5 UrbanPlanningandDesignGuidelines 14 5.1 Introduction14 5.2 Threecategories,15strategies,morethan100measures . .15 5.2.1 General .15 5.2.2 Urbanplanningstrategies. 15 5.2.3 Urbandesignstr

18、ategies. .16 5.2.4 Managementstrategies . .16 5.3 Howtochoosethestrategies 16 6 Processtopreventandreducecrimeproblemsbyurbanplanningandmanagement.17 6.1 General17 6.2 Responsiblebody,missionStatement,workinggroup .18 6.2.1 General .18 6.2.2 Missionstatement. 18 6.2.3 Workinggroup. 18 6.2.4 Theplann

19、ingdocumentoftheworkinggroup 19 6.2.5 Consultationmechanisms. 19 6.3 Stepstobetaken . .19 6.3.1 Step1:Crimerevieworcrimeassessment 19 6.3.2 Step2:Objectives/requirements. 20 6.3.3 Step3:Plan 20 6.3.4 Step4:Decisionbyresponsiblebody .21 6.3.5 Step5:Actionandimplementation. 21 6.3.6 Step6:Monitor,audi

20、tandcorrectiveaction .21 6.4 Flowchart 21 AnnexA (informative) Assessmentofcrimepreventiveandfearreducingfeaturesofaplan foranewarea. .23 AnnexB (informative)Crimereview:problemidentificationinanexistingarea .27 AnnexC (informative) Fearofcrime. .29 AnnexD (informative)Problemxstrategy/measurematric

21、esfor8typesofenvironment .31 Licensed Copy: Wang Bin, ISO/Exchange China Standards Information Centre, 21 April 2004, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSIENV1 43832: 2003(E) 3 Foreword Thisdocu ment(ENV 143832: 2003) has been prepared by Technical CommitteeCEN/ TC3 25Pr evention of crime byur ban planningand

22、building design. Thesecretariatof whichis held byDS untilOcto ber2 002 and sincet hen held by SNV. Thestatusof European Prestandard(E NV) wasp roposedt o give allco untries the opportunitytoco mpare experiencesa ndt o harmoniseproce dures. ThisEurop ean Prestandard iso neof aseries forthe“ Preventio

23、nofcrimebyurbanplanningandbuilding design”,thatconsistsofthefollowingParts: Part1: Terminology. Part2: Urbanplanning. Part3: Dwellings. Part4:OfficesandShops. Int heEurop ean Prestandard the Annexes At o Dar e informative. Accordingt o the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations,t he nationalst andards org

24、anizationsof the following countries are boundt o announcet hisEurop ean Prestandard:Aust ria, Belgium,C zech Republic,Den mark, Finland,France, Germany,Gr eece, Hungary,Ic eland,I reland, Italy,Luxe mbourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal,Sl ovakia, Spain,Sw eden, Switzerland and the United Ki

25、ngdom. Licensed Copy: Wang Bin, ISO/Exchange China Standards Information Centre, 21 April 2004, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSIENV143832:2003(E) 4 Introduction Crimeandfearofcrimeasmajorproblems TheEuropeanUrbanCharterassertsthebasicrightforcitizensofEuropeantownsto“asecureandsafetown free,asfaraspossibl

26、e,fromcrime,delinquencyandaggression“.Thisbasicrighttoasafecommunityhas beenenshrinedintomanynationalandlocalcrimereductionprogramsalloverEurope. ThefinaldeclarationofanInternationalConference 1) organisedbytheCouncilofEuropesCongressofLocal andRegionalAuthoritiesofEurope(CLRAE;Erfurt26.28.February1

27、997)stated: “thatcrime,fearofcrimeandurbaninsecurityinEuropearemajorproblemsaffectingthepublic()andthat findingsatisfactorysolutionsforthemisoneofthemainkeystocivicpeaceandstability.“ ThefirstrecommendationfromthisconferencewasthatlocalandregionalauthoritiesinEuropedevelop integratedcrimereductionac

28、tionplans,withcontinuingpublicinvolvement,inwhichcrimereductionis includedasapolicyinallaspectsoftheresponsibilitiesoflocalauthorities.Suchaplanshoulddefinethe natureandtypeofcrimetobetackled,objectives,timetable,proposalsforactionandbebasedonawide ranginguptodatesurveyofstatisticsanddiagnosisofcrim

29、e. InthisrespecttheCLRAEconferenceinErfurtalsostressedtheimportancetopromotecollaborationbetween thepoliceandprofessionaldesignersandensurethatpoliceofficersarespeciallytrainedtoadviseonthe relationshipbetweencrimeandthebuiltenvironment“. Crimepreventionandfearreductionbyurbanplanningandbuildingdesi

30、gn TheJusticeandHomeAffairscounciloftheEuropeanUnion(meeting15032001)agreedpoliticallyonthe conclusionoftheEUexpertsConferenceTowardsaknowledgebasedstrategytopreventcrime(Sundsvall, Sweden,21.23.February2001).Thisconferenceconcludedthat“CrimePreventionthroughEnvironmental Design,orDesigningoutCrime(

31、CPTED/DOC),hasproventobeauseful,effective,veryconcreteand feasiblestrategytopreventcrimeandfeelingsofinsecurity,integratedinamultidisciplinaryapproach.Best practicesregardingCPTED/DOCshouldbecollected,evaluatedandmadeaccessibleforstakeholders.This processshouldutiliseacommonframeworkofconceptsandpro

32、cesses,andtransferableprinciplesshouldbe identified“. Thisconferencealsounderlined“asregardspreventionofthefearofcrime,thatthefearofcrimeshouldbe viewedandtreatedasasocialprobleminitsownright“. Statementsandrecommendationsaboutthecollaborationbetweenenvironmentaldesign/planningspecialists andcrimeex

33、pertsarebecomingmoreandmorecommonnowadaysinEuropeancountries.Thesestatements andrecommendationsarebasedonassumptionsregardingtheinterrelationshipsbetweenthephysical environmentandhumanbehaviour.Itisobviousthattheresultsofurbanplanningandarchitecturedo influencethechoiceof conductandchoiceofroutesofa

34、llpeople(young/old,woman/man,potential offender/potentialvictim). Henceurbanplanningalsohasanimpactoncrimeandfearofcrimebyinfluencingtheconductandattitudes ofe.g. offenders; formalguardianssuchaspolice; informalguardianssuchasresidentssurveyinganenvironment; 1 ) CrimeandUrbaninsecurity:theroleandres

35、ponsibilitiesoflocalandregionalauthorities. Licensed Copy: Wang Bin, ISO/Exchange China Standards Information Centre, 21 April 2004, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSIENV143832:2003(E) 5 potentialvictims(and/ortargets)ofcrimeorvictimsoffearofcrime. Agreatnumberofexperimentshaveshownthatparticulartypesofcrim

36、ecanbereducedbymodifyingthe opportunityforcrimeinthebuiltenvironment.Movingthenighttimetaverncrowdawayfromvacant storefrontsafterclosingtimewillinevitablyreducethenumberofburglariesandvandalismincidentstothe stores.Controllingtheaccessinto,andnaturalsightlinesthrough,undergroundparkingareaswillincre

37、asethe opportunityforoffenderstobeseenandcaught.Thisinturnwillreducethenumberofassaultsandcarcrimes inthoseparkingareas.Thelistofsuccessfulopportunityreductionexamplesgoeson.InCanadaandthe USAthishascometobeknownascrimepreventionthroughenvironmentaldesignCPTED(pronounced septed) 2 ) . InEuropethecon

38、ceptisalsoknownasthereductionofcrimeandfearofcrimebyurbanplanningand architecturaldesign.Inshort,“Designingoutcrime“ 3) . Therearenumerousexamplesofhousingprojectswherebaddesignhascontributedtothegeneraldecay anddeclineofurbanareas.Badlydesignedhousingestateshavebeenrebuiltwiththoughtandconsideratio

39、n todiminishcriminalopportunity.Inmanycasesaftertherefurbishmentresidentshavewishedtoreturntothe estateswherebeforetheyhadleftastheyfearedfortheirsafety.Newestatesandhousingprojectsarenow incorporatinggoodcrimepreventionfeaturesatthedesignstage. Shoppingcentresareanotherbuildingcategorythatisbenefit

40、ingfromgoodplanningideas.Thesitingofthe centre,carparksandtransportinfrastructureareallbeingincorporatedatdesignstagetoaccommodategood designfeatures.Supermarketsarealsoadoptingdesigningoutcrimemeasurestoreducebothinternaltheft aswellascrimecommittedbycustomers. Researchershaveidentifiedreductionsin

41、crimefollowing,forexample,theintroductionofdesignchangesin largemunicipalhousingestates.Thereisalsooverwhelmingevidenceconcerningfearandthebuilt environment,e.g.pedestriansubways,lackofsurveillance,andparticularlytheleveloflightinganddark streets.Similarparallelscanbedrawnwithregardtovandalism.Whenq

42、uestioned,offenders(andvictims)of burglary,cartheftandrape/assault,haveallmentionedenvironmental/designfactors.Theresearchfindings showthatthefeelingsofinsecurityofvictimsareclearlyrelatedtotheverysamefeaturesoftheplacethat attractoffenderstocommitacrime. Nowondermoreandmorelocalandregionalauthoriti

43、esinEuropearenowinsistingonplanningapplications showingproofthattheprinciplesofcrimepreventionandfearreductionbyurbanplanningandbuildingdesign havebeenadopted. Conclusion Theconclusionfromtheliterature,researchandprojectorpolicyevaluationscanbesummarisedasfollows: 1) urbanplanninghasanimpactonthedif

44、ferenttypesofcrimeandfearofcrimebyinfluencingtheconduct, attitudes,choicesandfeelingsofe.g.offenders,victims,residents,police; 2) crimecanbesubdividedinspecifictypes(burglary,vandalismetc.); 3) crimeandfearofcrimearedifferentphenomena; 4) fearofcrimeisanimportantissuebutithastobeseparatedfromamuchbroadersetoffeelingspeople haveaboutthewholeoftheirlivingspaceandaboutthe