1、| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | BRITISH STANDARD BS EN 1770:1998 The Europ
2、ean Standard EN 1770:1998 has the status of a British Standard ICS 91.080.40 NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAW Products and systems for the protection and repair of concrete structures Test methods Determination of the coefficient of thermal expansionThis British
3、 Standard, having been prepared under the direction of the Sector Committee for Building and Civil Engineering, was published under the authority of the Standards Committee and comes into effect on 15 November 1998 BSI 1998 ISBN 0 580 30117 6 BS EN 1770:1998 Amendments issued since publication Amd.
4、No. Date Text affected National foreword This British Standard is the English language version of EN 1770:1998. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted by Technical Committee B/517, Concrete, to Subcommittee B/517/8, Protection and repair of concrete structures, which has the responsib
5、ility to: aid enquirers to understand the text; present to the responsible European committee any enquiries on the interpretation, or proposals for change, and keep the UK interests informed; monitor related international and European developments and promulgate them in the UK. A list of organizatio
6、ns represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary. Cross-references The British Standards which implement international or European publications referred to in this document may be found in the BSI Standards Catalogue under the section entitled “International Standards Cor
7、respondence Index”, or by using the “Find” facility of the BSI Standards Electronic Catalogue. A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does
8、not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, the EN title page, pages 2 to 10, an inside back cover and a back cover.CEN European Committee for Standardization Comite Europe en de Normalisation Europa isches Komi
9、tee fu r Normung Central Secretariat: rue de Stassart 36, B-1050 Brussels 1998 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 1770:1998 E EUROPEAN STANDARD EN 1770 NORME EUROPE ENNE EUROPA ISCHE NORM March 1998 ICS 91.080.40 Descr
10、iptors: concrete structures, repairs, protection, materials, binders: materials, products for concrete construction, tests, determination, thermal expansion English version Products and systems for the protection and repair of concrete structures Test methods Determination of the coefficient of ther
11、mal expansion Produits et syste mes pour la protection et la re paration des structures en be ton Me thodes dessais De termination du coefficient de dilatation thermique Produkte und Systeme fu r den Schutz und die Instandsetzung von Betontragwerken Pru fverfahren Bestimmung des Wa rmeausdehnungskoe
12、ffizienten This European Standard was approved by CEN on 22 February 1998. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliog
13、raphical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the Central Secretariat or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a
14、 CEN member into its own language and notified to the Central Secretariat has the same status as the official versions. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norw
15、ay, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.Page 2 EN 1770:1998 BSI 1998 Foreword This European Standard has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 104, Concrete (performance, production, placing and compliance criteria), the Secretariat of which is held by DIN. NOTE This Europe
16、an Standard should be read together with EN 1504-1. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by September 1998, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by September
17、 1998. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norw
18、ay, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. Contents Page Foreword 2 1 Scope 3 2 Normative references 3 3 Thermomechanical analysis 3 3.1 Principle 3 3.2 Apparatus 3 3.3 Test procedure 3 3.4 Calculation 4 3.5 Test report 4 4 Alternative method 4 4.1 Principle 4 4.2 Apparatus 5 4
19、.3 Test procedure 5 4.4 Calculation of the coefficient of thermal expansion 6 4.5 Test report 6 5 Reproducibility 6 Annex A (informative) Bibliography 10Page 3 EN 1770:1998 BSI 1998 1 Scope This European Standard specifies methods for the determination of the coefficient of thermal expansion of hard
20、ened structural bonding agents. The first method provides a continuous measurement of linear thermal expansion using thermomechanical analysis techniques. This method may also be used for surface protection systems. The alternative method uses prisms of 40 mm3 40 mm3 160 mm. This method may also be
21、used for repair mortar. Both methods are suitable for bonding agents formulated with fillers of up to 4 mm. 2 Normative references This European Standard incorporates by dated or undated reference, provisions from other publications. These normative references are cited at the appropriate places in
22、the text and the publications are listed hereafter. For dated references, subsequent amendments to or revisions of any of these publications apply to this European Standard only when incorporated in it by amendment or revision. For undated references the latest edition of the publication referred to
23、 applies. prEN 12190, Products and systems for the protection and repair of concrete structures Test methods Determination of compressive strength. 3 Thermomechanical analysis 3.1 Principle The coefficient of thermal expansion of resinous materials is to be measured at an age of 7 days (storage at (
24、21 2)8C and (60 10) % relative humidity). Once hardened the bonding agent is subjected to a constant heating rate. This method uses a thermomechanical analyser to determine the changes in length, which is electronically recorded as a function of temperature. The coefficient of linear thermal expansi
25、on can be calculated from the recorded data. 3.2 Apparatus 3.2.1 Thermomechanical analyser, or similar device, consisting of: a) specimen holder and probe, (constructed from low-expansion materials such as fused quartz) that transmits changes in the length of the specimen to the transducer. The shap
26、e and size of the probe shall be such that the load applied shall not cause indentation of the specimen, during testing; b) transducer, for sensing movement of the probe resulting from changes in length of the specimen and for translating these movements into an electrical signal suitable for input
27、to a recording system; c) temperature sensing element, for measuring the temperature of the test specimen; d) a recording system to record the changes in specimen length as a function of specimen temperature. The combination of transducer and recorder shall have sufficient sensitivity to produce a m
28、inimum of 1 mm of chart deflection per 100 nm of probe movement with provision for less sensitive ranges, where needed. 3.2.2 Furnace, for uniformly heating the specimen (preferably at 28C/min), at a predetermined rate over the testing temperature range with provision for cooling the specimen when s
29、ub-ambient temperature measurements are to be made. 3.2.3 Means of purging the specimen environment with a dry inert gas such as nitrogen or helium (for temperatures 1008C). 3.2.4 Callipers, capable of measuring linear dimensions to an accuracy of not less than 25mm. 3.3 Test procedure 3.3.1 Samplin
30、g material The bonding agent to be tested shall be taken from one production batch. The specimen may be cut from a prism 40 mm3 40 mm3 160 mm, as used for other tests. 3.3.2 Test specimens Cylindrical or square shaped specimens shall be between 25 mm and 50 mm in length and have ends flat and parall
31、el to within 25mm. Lateral dimensions shall not exceed 10 mm. Other lengths may be used provided that they are noted in the report. The specimens shall be measured in the received condition. If some heat or mechanical treatment is applied to the specimen prior to test, this treatment should be noted
32、 in the report. A minimum of three specimens shall be tested. 3.3.3 Storage of samples Before starting the test procedure the materials shall be stored for 7 days at (21 2)8C and (60 10) % relative humidity. 3.3.4 Procedure a) Calibration Temperature calibration can be achieved by observing the pene
33、tration by a (5 0,5) g loaded probe when a crystalline material is heated through its melting point at the same rate as the expansion specimen. The following high purity ( 99 %) materials may be used. Table 1 Reference material Melting point C Indium 156,6 Tin 232,0 Lead 327,5 Zinc 419,6 Aluminium 6
34、60,4Page 4 EN 1770:1998 BSI 1998 The length change measuring and recording system can be calibrated by measuring the linear expansion of a material, having known expansion, when heated at the same rate as the test specimens. The observed expansion shall be corrected for the difference in expansion b
35、etween, the specimen holder and probe obtained from a preliminary trial in which either no sample or a specimen of the material of construction of the probe is used. As a working standard high purity alumina (Al 2 O 3 ), platinum, quartz or vacrominium may be used. b) Procedure Measure the initial s
36、pecimen length in the direction of the expansion test to an accuracy of 25mma t room temperature. Position the specimen in the holder under the probe, with the temperature sensor in contact with the specimen. Place the specimen holder in the furnace. If measurements at sub-ambient temperature are to
37、 be made, cool the specimen to at least 208C below the lowest temperature of interest. The refrigerant used for cooling shall not come into direct contact with the specimen. Select an appropriate sensitivity setting on the recorder. Heat the specimen at a constant heating rate of (2 1)8C/min over th
38、e desired temperature range. Other heating rates may be used provided that they are noted in the report. 3.4 Calculation 3.4.1 Calculate the mean coefficient of linear thermal expansion over the temperature range as specified in the instructions supplied with the equipment, as follows, for example:
39、a m = DL sp 3 k L3D T k= a ref 3 L ref 3D T ref DL ref where: a m is the mean coefficient of linear thermal expansion, inmm/(m8C); a ref is the mean coefficient of linear thermal expansion, for reference material, inmm/(m8C); k is the calibration coefficient; L is the specimen length at room tempera
40、ture, in metres (m); DL ref is the change of reference material length due to heating, in micrometres (mm); L ref is the reference material length at room temperature, in metres (m); DL sp is the change of specimen length, in micrometres (mm); DT ref is the temperature difference over which the chan
41、ge in reference material length is measured, in8C; DT is the temperature difference over which the change in specimen length is measured, in8C. 3.4.2 SelectDT from a smooth portion of the thermal curves in the desired temperature range; then obtain DL as depicted in Figure 1. Thea m shall not be cal
42、culated from a temperature range in which a transition point is noted. 3.4.3 Calculate the average value ofa m from the tests on three specimens. 3.5 Test report The following information shall be included in the test report: a) identification of the material, including the name of the manufacturer
43、and information on batch number and chemical composition when known; b) method of test specimen preparation; c) dimensions of test specimen; d) description of the thermomechanical analysis apparatus; e) purge gas and cooling medium, if used; f) temperature range in which the coefficient of linear th
44、ermal expansion has been determined; g) average value of the coefficient of linear thermal expansion inmm/(m8C) as determined from the three specimens; h) expansion curves obtained; i) reference to this European Standard. 4 Alternative method 4.1 Principle The coefficient of thermal expansion of res
45、inous materials shall be measured after being stored for 7 days (storage at (21 2)8C and (60 10) % relative humidity). Once hardened the bonding agent is subjected to a number of temperature cycles while movements of the ends and changes in temperature of the mortar are monitored. The measurement is
46、 done with a dial gauge via two pegs, fixed to the end of the longer axis of the specimen. In the test equipment the sample shall be free to move in this axis. The method may also be used to determine the coefficient of thermal expansion of repair mortars.Page 5 EN 1770:1998 BSI 1998 4.2 Apparatus a
47、) Mould Steel mould containing three impressions of (40 0,1) mm3 (40 0,1) mm3 (160 10,4) mm. (See Figure 2). b) Tamper The tamper is shown in Figure 3. It shall have a mass of (500 20) g. It shall be made of wood with sheet protection, of light metal or of light plastic. c) Measuring pegs Measuring
48、pegs shall be designed so that they can be glued to the end faces of the specimens. For this purpose, they shall have a flat base plate with a thickness of about 1,5 mm and a diameter of not less than 15 mm. The measuring pegs shall be mm 6,5 0 +0,5 in length and of form A or B (see Figure 4). The m
49、easuring pegs shall be made of stainless steel, the heads shall be polished and shall exhibit no undulations. d) Measuring equipment The measuring equipment (see Figure 5) shall consist of a base, on which a column is arranged in a fixed vertical position. A vertically adjustable holder secured against rotation for mounting the dial gauge with 0,001 mm scale intervals shall then be attached above a fixed measurement axis. NOTE Alternative measuring equipment as shown in Figures 6 and 7 may also be
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