1、BSI Standards PublicationBS EN 1918-2:2016Gas infrastructure Underground gas storagePart 2: Functional recommendations forstorage in oil and gas fieldsBS EN 1918-2:2016 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of EN 1918-2:2016. Itsupersedes BS EN 1918-2:1998 w
2、hich is withdrawn.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee GSE/33, Gas supply.A list of organizations represented on this committee can beobtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessaryprovisions of a contract. Us
3、ers are responsible for its correctapplication. The British Standards Institution 2016. Published by BSI StandardsLimited 2016ISBN 978 0 580 86100 0ICS 75.200Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligations.This British Standard was published under the authority of the
4、Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 March 2016.Amendments issued since publicationDate Text affectedBS EN 1918-2:2016EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM EN 1918-2 March 2016 ICS 75.200 Supersedes EN 1918-2:1998English Version Gas infrastructure - Underground gas storage - Par
5、t 2: Functional recommendations for storage in oil and gas fields Infrastructures gazires - Stockage souterrain de gaz - Partie 2: Recommandations fonctionnelles pour le stockage en gisements de ptrole et de gaz Gasinfrastruktur - Untertagespeicherung von Gas - Teil 2: Funktionale Empfehlungen fr di
6、e Speicherung in l- und Gasfeldern This European Standard was approved by CEN on 10 January 2016. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to
7、-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translat
8、ion under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland,
9、Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION CO
10、MIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2016 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 1918-2:2016 EBS EN 1918-2:2016EN 1918-2:2016 (E) 2 Co
11、ntents Page European foreword . 3 1 Scope 4 2 Normative references 4 3 Terms and definitions . 5 3.1 Terms and definitions common to parts 1 to 4 of EN 1918 5 3.2 Terms and definitions not common to parts 1 to 4 of EN 1918 9 4 Requirements for underground gas storage 10 4.1 General . 10 4.2 Undergro
12、und gas storage 11 4.3 Long-term containment of stored gas . 14 4.4 Environmental conservation . 15 4.5 Safety 15 4.6 Monitoring 15 5 Design . 15 5.1 Design principles 15 5.2 Field description and storage behaviour 16 5.3 Determination of the maximum operating pressure 17 5.4 Wells . 18 5.5 Monitori
13、ng systems . 22 5.6 Neighbouring subsurface activities . 23 6 Construction . 23 6.1 General . 23 6.2 Wells . 23 6.3 Completions . 23 6.4 Wellheads 24 7 Testing and commissioning 24 8 Operation, monitoring and maintenance 24 8.1 Operating principles . 24 8.2 Monitoring 24 8.3 Injection and withdrawal
14、 operations . 25 8.4 Maintenance of wells 25 8.5 HSE . 25 9 Abandonment 26 9.1 General . 26 9.2 Withdrawal of the gas . 27 9.3 Plugging and abandonment of wells . 27 9.4 Surface facilities . 27 9.5 Monitoring 27 Annex A (informative) Non-exhaustive list of relevant standards 28 Annex B (informative)
15、 Significant technical changes between this European Standard and the previous version EN 1918-2:1998 . 30 BS EN 1918-2:2016EN 1918-2:2016 (E) 3 European foreword This document (EN 1918-2:2016) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 234 “Gas infrastructure”, the secretariat of which is held
16、 by DIN. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by September 2016 and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by September 2016. Attention is drawn to the possibility
17、 that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. This document supersedes EN 1918-2:1998. This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commi
18、ssion and the European Free Trade Association. For a list of significant technical changes between this European Standard and EN 1918-2:1998, see Annex B. This document is Part 2 of a European Standard on “Gas infrastructure - Underground gas storage” which includes the five following parts: Part 1:
19、 Functional recommendations for storage in aquifers; Part 2: Functional recommendations for storage in oil and gas fields; Part 3: Functional recommendations for storage in solution-mined salt caverns; Part 4: Functional recommendations for storage in rock caverns; Part 5: Functional recommendations
20、 for surface facilities. Directive 2009/73/EC concerning common rules for the internal market in natural gas and the related Regulation (EC) No 715/2009 on conditions for access to the natural gas transmission networks also aim at technical safety including technical reliability of the European gas
21、system. These aspects are also in the scope of CEN/TC 234 standardization. In this respect CEN/TC 234 evaluated the indicated EU legislation and amended this technical standard accordingly, where required and appropriate. According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards orga
22、nizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg,
23、 Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom. BS EN 1918-2:2016EN 1918-2:2016 (E) 4 1 Scope This European Standard covers the functional recommendations for design, construction, testing, commissioning, operatio
24、n, maintenance and abandonment of underground gas storage (UGS) facilities in oil and gas fields up to and including the wellhead. It specifies practices which are safe and environmentally acceptable. For necessary surface facilities for underground gas storage, EN 1918-5 applies. In this context “g
25、as“ is any hydrocarbon fuel: which is in a gaseous state at a temperature of 15 C and under a pressure of 0,1 MPa (this includes natural gas, compressed natural gas (CNG) and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). The stored product is also named fluid); which meets specific quality requirements in order to
26、 maintain underground storage integrity, performance, environmental compatibility and fulfils contractual requirements. This European Standard specifies common basic principles for underground gas storage facilities. Users of this European Standard should be aware that more detailed standards and/or
27、 codes of practice exist. A non-exhaustive list of relevant standards can be found in Annex A. This European Standard is intended to be applied in association with these national standards and/or codes of practice and does not replace them. In the event of conflicts in terms of more restrictive requ
28、irements in the national legislation/regulation with the requirements of this European Standard, the national legislation/regulation takes precedence as illustrated in CEN/TR 13737 (all parts). NOTE CEN/TR 13737 (all parts) contains: clarification of relevant legislation/regulations applicable in a
29、country; if appropriate, more restrictive national requirements; national contact point for the latest information. This European Standard is not intended to be applied retrospectively to existing facilities. 2 Normative references The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively refere
30、nced in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN 1918-5, Gas infrastructure - Underground gas storage - Part 5: Functiona
31、l recommendations for surface facilities BS EN 1918-2:2016EN 1918-2:2016 (E) 5 3 Terms and definitions 3.1 Terms and definitions common to parts 1 to 4 of EN 1918 For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. They are common to parts 1 to 4 of EN 1918. 3.1.1 abandoned
32、 well well permanently out of operation and permanently plugged including removed surface facilities 3.1.2 annulus space between two strings of pipes or between the casing and the borehole 3.1.3 aquifer reservoir, group of reservoirs or a part thereof that is fully water-bearing and displaying diffe
33、ring permeability/porosity 3.1.4 auxiliary well well completed for other purposes than gas injection/withdrawal, e.g. water disposal 3.1.5 casing pipe or set of pipes that are screwed or welded together to form a string, which is placed in the borehole for the purpose of supporting the borehole and
34、to act as a barrier preventing subsurface migration of fluids when the annulus between it and the borehole has been cemented and to connect the storage reservoir respectively cavern to surface 3.1.6 casing shoe bottom end of a casing 3.1.7 cementing operation whereby usually a cement slurry is pumpe
35、d and circulated down a cementation string within the casing and then upwards into the annulus between the casing and the open or cased hole 3.1.8 completion technical equipment inside the last cemented casing of a well 3.1.9 containment capability of the storage reservoir or cavern and the storage
36、wells to resist leakage or migration of the fluids contained therein Note 1 to entry: This is also known as the integrity of a storage facility. BS EN 1918-2:2016EN 1918-2:2016 (E) 6 3.1.10 core sample sample of rock taken during coring operation in order e.g. to determine various parameters by labo
37、ratory testing and/or for a geological description 3.1.11 cushion gas volume gas volume required in a storage for reservoir management purpose and to maintain an adequate minimum storage pressure for meeting working gas volume delivery with a required withdrawal profile and in addition in caverns al
38、so for stability reasons Note 1 to entry: The cushion gas volume of storages in oil and gas fields may consist of recoverable and non-recoverable in-situ gas volumes and/or injected gas volumes. 3.1.12 drilling all technical activities connected with the construction of a well 3.1.13 exploration all
39、 technical activities connected with the investigation of potential storage locations for the assessment of storage feasibility and derivation of design parameters 3.1.14 formation body of rock mass characterized by a degree of homogeneous lithology which forms an identifiable geologic unit 3.1.15 g
40、as injection gas delivery from gas transport system into the reservoir/cavern through surface facilities and wells 3.1.16 gas inventory total of working and cushion gas volumes contained in UGS 3.1.17 gas withdrawal gas delivery from the reservoir or cavern through wells and surface facilities to a
41、gas transport system 3.1.18 geological modelling generating the image of a structure from the information gathered 3.1.19 indicator horizon horizon overlying the caprock in the storage area and used for monitoring 3.1.20 landing nipple device in a tubing string with an internal profile to provide fo
42、r latching and sealing various types of plugs or valves BS EN 1918-2:2016EN 1918-2:2016 (E) 7 3.1.21 liner casing installed within last cemented casing in the lowermost section of the well without extension to surface 3.1.22 lithology characteristics of rocks based on description of colour, rock fab
43、rics, mineral composition, grain characteristics, and crystallization 3.1.23 logging measurement of physical parameters versus depth in a well 3.1.24 master valve valve at the wellhead designed to close off the well for operational reasons and in case of emergency or maintenance 3.1.25 maximum opera
44、ting pressure MOP maximum pressure of the storage reservoir or cavern, normally at maximum inventory of gas in storage, which has not to be exceeded in order to ensure the integrity of the UGS and is based on the outcome of geological/technical engineering and is approved by authorities Note 1 to en
45、try: The maximum operating pressure is related to a datum depth and in caverns usually to the casing shoe of the last cemented casing. 3.1.26 minimum operating pressure minimum pressure of the storage reservoir or cavern, normally reached at the end of the decline phase of the withdrawal profile and
46、 for caverns is based on geomechanical investigations to ensure stability and to limit the effect of subsidence and normally has to be approved by authorities and has not to be underrun Note 1 to entry: The minimum pressure is related to a datum depth. 3.1.27 monitoring well observation well well fo
47、r purposes of monitoring the storage horizon and/or overlying or underlying horizons for subsurface phenomena such as pressure fluctuation, fluid flow and qualities, temperature, etc. 3.1.28 operating well well used for gas withdrawal and/or injection 3.1.29 overburden all sediments or rock that ove
48、rlie a geological formation BS EN 1918-2:2016EN 1918-2:2016 (E) 8 3.1.30 permeability capacity of a rock to allow fluids to flow through its pores Note 1 to entry: Permeability is usually expressed in Darcy. In the SI Unit system permeability is measured in m2. 3.1.31 porosity volume of the pore spa
49、ce (voids) within a rock formation expressed as a percentage of its total volume 3.1.32 reservoir porous and permeable (in some cases naturally fractured) formation having area- and depth-related boundaries based on physical and geological factors Note 1 to entry: It contains fluids which are internally in pressure communication. 3.1.33 saturation percentages of pore space occupied by fluids 3.1.34 seismic technology technology to characterize the subsurface image with respect to extent, geometry, fault pattern and fluid content applying acoustic waves, imp
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