1、BSI Standards PublicationBS EN 1918-4:2016Gas infrastructure Underground gas storagePart 4: Functional recommendations forstorage in rock cavernsBS EN 1918-4:2016 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of EN 1918-4:2016. Itsupersedes BS EN 1918-4:1998 which i
2、s withdrawn.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee GSE/33, Gas supply.A list of organizations represented on this committee can beobtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessaryprovisions of a contract. Users ar
3、e responsible for its correctapplication. The British Standards Institution 2016. Published by BSI StandardsLimited 2016ISBN 978 0 580 86102 4ICS 75.200Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligations.This British Standard was published under the authority of theStanda
4、rds Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 March 2016.Amendments issued since publicationDate Text affectedBS EN 1918-4:2016EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM EN 1918-4 March 2016 ICS 75.200 Supersedes EN 1918-4:1998English Version Gas infrastructure - Underground gas storage - Part 4: F
5、unctional recommendations for storage in rock cavernsInfrastructures gazires - Stockage souterrain de gaz - Partie 4: Recommandations fonctionnelles pour le stockage en cavits mines Gasinfrastruktur - Untertagespeicherung von Gas - Teil 4: Funktionale Empfehlungen fr die Speicherung in Felskavernen
6、This European Standard was approved by CEN on 9 January 2016. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical refe
7、rences concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CE
8、N member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedoni
9、a, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPIS
10、CHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2016 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 1918-4:2016 EBS EN 1918-4:2016EN 1918-4:2016 (E) 2 Contents Page European foreword . 3 1
11、Scope 4 2 Normative references 4 3 Terms and definitions . 5 3.1 Terms and definitions common to parts 1 to 4 of EN 1918 5 3.2 Terms and definitions not common to parts 1 to 4 of EN 1918 9 4 General requirements 10 4.1 General . 10 4.2 Underground gas storage 10 4.3 Long-term containment of stored p
12、roducts . 15 4.4 Environmental conservation . 16 4.5 Safety 16 4.6 Monitoring 16 5 Design . 16 5.1 Design principles 16 5.2 Geological exploration . 18 5.3 Stored product containment 19 5.4 Determination of the maximum operating pressure (MOP) 19 5.5 Cavern stability . 20 5.6 Construction parameters
13、 21 5.7 Concrete plug specifications 21 5.8 Connecting caverns to surface . 21 5.9 Monitoring systems . 24 5.10 Neighbouring subsurface activities . 24 6 Construction . 25 7 Testing and commissioning 26 7.1 General . 26 7.2 First gas filling . 27 8 Operation, monitoring and maintenance 27 8.1 Operat
14、ing principles . 27 8.2 Monitoring 27 8.3 Maintenance . 28 8.4 HSE . 28 9 Abandonment 29 9.1 General . 29 9.2 Withdrawing the fluid 29 9.3 Plugging and abandonment of wells and accesses . 29 9.4 Surface facilities . 30 9.5 Monitoring 30 Annex A (informative) Non-exhaustive list of relevant standards
15、 31 Annex B (informative) Significant technical changes between this European Standard and the previous version EN 1918-4:1998 33 BS EN 1918-4:2016EN 1918-4:2016 (E) 3 European foreword This document (EN 1918-4:2016) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 234 “Gas infrastructure”, the secre
16、tariat of which is held by DIN. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by September 2016 and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by September 2016. Attention is d
17、rawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. This document supersedes EN 1918-4:1998. This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CE
18、N by the European Commission and the European Free Trade Association. For a list of significant technical changes between this European Standard and EN 1918-4:1998, see Annex B. This document is Part 4 of a European Standard on “Gas infrastructure - Underground gas storage” which includes the follow
19、ing five parts: Part 1: Functional recommendations for storage in aquifers; Part 2: Functional recommendations for storage in oil and gas fields; Part 3: Functional recommendations for storage in solution-mined salt cavities; Part 4: Functional recommendations for storage in rock caverns; Part 5: Fu
20、nctional recommendations for surface facilities. Directive 2009/73/EC concerning common rules for the internal market in natural gas and the related Regulation (EC) No 715/2009 on conditions for access to the natural gas transmission networks also aim at technical safety including technical reliabil
21、ity of the European gas system. These aspects are also in the scope of CEN/TC 234 standardization. In this respect, CEN/TC 234 evaluated the indicated EU legislation and amended this technical standard accordingly, where required and appropriate. According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, th
22、e national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvi
23、a, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom. BS EN 1918-4:2016EN 1918-4:2016 (E) 4 1 Scope This European Standard covers the functional recommendations for design, construction, testing
24、, commissioning, operation, maintenance and abandonment of underground gas storage (UGS) facilities in mined rock caverns up to and including the wellhead. This European Standard does not cover the technology of lined rock. NOTE 1 Even if not covered in this standard, the lined rock is an available
25、technology. This European Standard specifies practices which are safe and environmentally acceptable. For necessary surface facilities for underground gas storage, EN 1918-5 applies. In this context, “gas“ is any hydrocarbon fuel: which is in a gaseous state at a temperature of 15 C and under a pres
26、sure of 0,1 MPa (this includes natural gas, compressed natural gas (CNG) and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). The stored product is also named fluid); which meets specific quality requirements in order to maintain underground storage integrity, performance, environmental compatibility and fulfils cont
27、ractual requirements. This European Standard specifies common basic principles for underground gas storage facilities. Users of this European Standard should be aware that more detailed standards and/or codes of practice exist. A non-exhaustive list of relevant standards can be found in Annex A. Thi
28、s European Standard is intended to be applied in association with these national standards and/or codes of practice and does not replace them. In the event of conflicts in terms of more restrictive requirements in the national legislation/regulation with the requirements of this European Standard, t
29、he national legislation/regulation takes precedence as illustrated in CEN/TR 13737 (all parts). NOTE 2 CEN/TR 13737 (all parts) contains: clarification of relevant legislation/regulations applicable in a country; if appropriate, more restrictive national requirements; national contact point for the
30、latest information. This European Standard is not intended to be applied retrospectively to existing facilities. 2 Normative references The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the
31、edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN 1918-5, Gas infrastructure - Underground gas storage - Part 5: Functional recommendations for surface facilities BS EN 1918-4:2016EN 1918-4:2016 (E) 5 3 Terms and defin
32、itions 3.1 Terms and definitions common to parts 1 to 4 of EN 1918 For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. They are common to parts 1 to 4 of EN 1918. 3.1.1 abandoned well well permanently out of operation and permanently plugged including removed surface facili
33、ties 3.1.2 annulus space between two strings of pipes or between the casing and the borehole 3.1.3 aquifer reservoir, group of reservoirs, or a part thereof that is fully water-bearing and displaying differing permeability/porosity 3.1.4 auxiliary well well completed for other purposes than gas inje
34、ction/withdrawal, e.g. water disposal 3.1.5 casing pipe or set of pipes that are screwed or welded together to form a string which is placed in the borehole for the purpose of supporting the borehole and to act as a barrier preventing subsurface migration of fluids when the annulus between it and th
35、e borehole has been cemented and to connect the storage reservoir respectively cavern to surface 3.1.6 casing shoe bottom end of a casing 3.1.7 cementing operation whereby usually a cement slurry is pumped and circulated down a cementation string within the casing and then upwards into the annulus b
36、etween the casing and the open or cased hole 3.1.8 completion technical equipment inside the last cemented casing of a well 3.1.9 containment capability of the storage reservoir or cavern and the storage wells to resist leakage or migration of the fluids contained therein Note 1 to entry: This is al
37、so known as the integrity of a storage facility. BS EN 1918-4:2016EN 1918-4:2016 (E) 6 3.1.10 core sample sample of rock taken during coring operation in order, e.g. to determine various parameters by laboratory testing and/or for a geological description 3.1.11 cushion gas volume gas volume require
38、d in a storage for reservoir management purpose and to maintain an adequate minimum storage pressure for meeting working gas volume delivery with a required withdrawal profile and in addition in caverns also for stability reasons Note 1 to entry: The cushion gas volume of storages in oil and gas fie
39、lds may consist of recoverable and non-recoverable in-situ gas volumes and/or injected gas volumes. 3.1.12 drilling all technical activities connected with the construction of a well 3.1.13 exploration all technical activities connected with the investigation of potential storage locations for the a
40、ssessment of storage feasibility and derivation of design parameters 3.1.14 formation body of rock mass characterized by a degree of homogeneous lithology which forms an identifiable geologic unit 3.1.15 gas injection gas delivery from gas transport system into the reservoir/cavern through surface f
41、acilities and wells 3.1.16 gas inventory total of working and cushion gas volumes contained in UGS 3.1.17 gas withdrawal gas delivery from the reservoir / cavern through wells and surface facilities to gas transport system 3.1.18 geological modelling generating the image of a structure from the info
42、rmation gathered 3.1.19 indicator horizon horizon overlying the caprock in the storage area and used for monitoring 3.1.20 landing nipple device in a tubing string with an internal profile to provide for latching and sealing various types of plugs or valves BS EN 1918-4:2016EN 1918-4:2016 (E) 7 3.1.
43、21 liner casing installed within last cemented casing in the lowermost section of the well without extension to surface 3.1.22 lithology characteristics of rocks based on description of colour, rock fabrics, mineral composition, grain characteristics, and crystallization 3.1.23 logging measurement o
44、f physical parameters versus depth in a well 3.1.24 master valve valve at the wellhead designed to close off the well for operational reasons and in case of emergency or maintenance 3.1.25 maximum operating pressure MOP maximum pressure of the storage reservoir or cavern, normally at maximum invento
45、ry of gas in storage, which has not to be exceeded in order to ensure the integrity of the UGS and is based on the outcome of geological/technical engineering and is approved by authorities Note 1 to entry: The maximum operating pressure is related to a datum depth and in caverns usually to the casi
46、ng shoe of the last cemented casing. 3.1.26 minimum operating pressure minimum pressure of the storage reservoir or cavern, normally reached at the end of the decline phase of the withdrawal profile and for caverns is based on geomechanical investigations to ensure stability and limit the effect of
47、subsidence and normally has to be approved by authorities and has not to be underrun Note 1 to entry: The minimum pressure is related to a datum depth. 3.1.27 monitoring well observation well well for purposes of monitoring the storage horizon and/or overlying or underlying horizons for subsurface p
48、henomena such as pressure fluctuation, fluid flow and qualities, temperature, etc. 3.1.28 operating well well used for gas withdrawal and/or injection 3.1.29 overburden all sediments or rock that overlie a geological formation BS EN 1918-4:2016EN 1918-4:2016 (E) 8 3.1.30 permeability capacity of a r
49、ock to allow fluids to flow through its pores Note 1 to entry: Permeability is usually expressed in Darcy. In the SI Unit system permeability is measured in m2. 3.1.31 porosity volume of the pore space (voids) within a rock formation expressed as a percentage of its total volume 3.1.32 reservoir porous and permeable (in some cases naturally fractured) formation having area- and depth-related boundaries based on physical and geological factors Note 1 to entry: It contains fluids which are internally in pressure communication. 3.1.33 saturation percentages of
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