1、BRITISH STANDARDBS EN 1948-1:2006Stationary source emissions Determination of the mass concentration of PCDDs/PCDFs and dioxin-like PCBs Part 1: Sampling of PCDDs/PCDFsThe European Standard EN 1948-1:2006 has the status of a British StandardICS 13.040.40g49g50g3g38g50g51g60g44g49g42g3g58g44g55g43g50
2、g56g55g3g37g54g44g3g51g40g53g48g44g54g54g44g50g49g3g40g59g38g40g51g55g3g36g54g3g51g40g53g48g44g55g55g40g39g3g37g60g3g38g50g51g60g53g44g42g43g55g3g47g36g58BS EN 1948-1:2006This British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 March 2006 BSI ISBN
3、0 580 48047 XNational forewordThis British Standard is the official English language version of EN 1948-1:2006. It supersedes BS EN 1948-1:1997, which is withdrawn.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted by Technical Committee EH/2, Air quality, to Subcommittee EH/2/1, Stationary sourc
4、e emissions, which has the responsibility to: A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary.Cross-referencesThe British Standards which implement international or European publications referred to in this document may be found in the BSI Catalogue
5、under the section entitled “International Standards Correspondence Index”, or by using the “Search” facility of the BSI Electronic Catalogue or of British Standards Online.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct a
6、pplication. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. aid enquirers to understand the text; present to the responsible international/European committee any enquiries on the interpretation, or proposals for change, and keep UK interests informed; mo
7、nitor related international and European developments and promulgate them in the UK.Summary of pagesThis document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, the EN title page, pages 2 to 64, an inside back cover and a back cover.The BSI copyright notice displayed in this document indicates when
8、 the document was last issued.Amendments issued since publicationAmd. No. Date CommentsEUROPEAN STANDARDNORME EUROPENNEEUROPISCHE NORMEN 1948-1March 2006ICS 13.040.40 Supersedes EN 1948-1:1996 English VersionStationary source emissions - Determination of the massconcentration of PCDDs/PCDFs and diox
9、in-like PCBs - Part 1:Sampling of PCDDs/PCDFsEmissions de sources fixes - Dtermination de laconcentration massique en PCDD/PCDF et PCB de typedioxine - Partie 1: PrlvementEmissionen aus stationren Quellen - Bestimmung derMassenkonzentration von PCDD/PCDF und dioxin-hnlichen PCB - Teil 1: Probenahme
10、von PCDD/PCDFThis European Standard was approved by CEN on 23 January 2006.CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this EuropeanStandard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliogr
11、aphical references concerning such nationalstandards may be obtained on application to the Central Secretariat or to any CEN member.This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translationunder the responsibility of a CEN
12、 member into its own language and notified to the Central Secretariat has the same status as the officialversions.CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France,Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Li
13、thuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania,Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATIONCOMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATIONEUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNGManagement Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels 2006 C
14、EN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reservedworldwide for CEN national Members.Ref. No. EN 1948-1:2006: EEN 1948-1:2006 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword . 3 Introduction. 7 1 Scope 8 2 Normative references. 8 3 Terms and definitions 9 4 Symbols and abbreviations. 11 5 Principle of
15、 the complete PCDD/PCDF measurement procedure. 12 6 Sampling device and materials. 15 7 Minimum requirements for sampling 18 8 Safety measures and transport. 21 9 Preparations and sampling . 21 Annex A (informative) Toxicity and toxic equivalency. 27 Annex B (informative) Examples of operation 30 An
16、nex C (informative) Examples of adsorbents and their preparations and cleaning 58 Annex D (informative) Sampling measurement record 59 Annex E (informative) Relations to EU Directives 62 Bibliography 63 EN 1948-1:2006 (E) 3 Foreword This European Standard (EN 1948-1:2006) has been prepared by Techni
17、cal Committee CEN/TC 264 “Air quality”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by September 2006, and conflicting national standards shall be withdra
18、wn at the latest by September 2006. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. This European Standard supersedes EN 1948-1:1996.
19、This European Standard has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the European Free Trade Association to support Essential Requirements of EU Directive 94/67/EC of 16 December 1994 i on the incineration of hazardous waste. This directive is now replaced by EU Direc
20、tive 2000/76/EC of 4 December 2000 on the incineration of waste ii and this European Standard also supports the Essential Requirements of the new EU Directive 2000/76/EC (see also Annex E). The precision and the performance characteristics were determined between 1992 and 1995 in four comparative an
21、d validation trials at waste incinerators sponsored by the European Commission, the European Free Trade Association and the German Federal Environment Agency. The revision of this EN between 2001 and 2004 only refers to the normative part. The information given in the informative annexes as examples
22、 of operation are kept unchanged, as they represent the state of the art at time of the validation measurements of EN 1948:1996 between 1992 and 1995. This European Standard EN 1948:2006 consists of three parts dealing with the determination of the mass concentration of PCDDs and PCDFs in stationary
23、 source emissions: Part 1: Sampling of PCDDs/PCDFs; Part 2: Extraction and clean-up of PCDDs/PCDFs; Part 3: Identification and quantification of PCDDs/PCDFs. All three parts are necessary for the performance of the dioxin measurements. In addition for the sampling, extraction and analyses of dioxin-
24、like PCBs the Technical Specification CEN/TS 1948-41is developed and will be transferred to a European Standard after corresponding validation measurements or after an approval time of three years respectively. Important changes made in the revision of EN 1948-1: 1. Title: Broadening of the title wi
25、th regard to the future EN 1948-4 for the determination of dioxin-like PCBs 2. Foreword: 1) To be published. EN 1948-1:2006 (E) 4 Deletion of all precursor documents which were basis for elaboration of EN 1948 as well as the names of the standardisation bodies involved in the elaboration of EN 1948
26、Update of the hint regarding mandate of the standardisation project and regarding fulfilment of the Essential Requirements of EU Directives 94/67/EC and 2000/76/EC Addition of a hint, that the revision only refers to the normative parts of the standard. The Informative Annex B “Examples of operation
27、” is kept unchanged and represents the state of the art at time of the validation measurements of EN 1948:1996 between 1992 and 1995 Addition of hint with regard to the future document EN 1948-4 dealing with the analyses of dioxin-like PCBs 3. Introduction: New hint that only skilled operators who a
28、re trained in handling highly toxic compounds should apply the method described in this European Standard (identical to EN 1948-2 and EN 1948-3) 4. Scope: Addition of a hint, that EN 1948 can be applied for wide concentration ranges and various emission sources Addition of a hint, that the described
29、 measurement methods are suitable for determination of other low-volatile substances, e.g. of dioxin-like PCBs 5. Normative references: Update of the references to EN 1948-2:2006, EN 1948-3:2006 Reference to EN 13284-1:2001 regarding determination of low range mass concentration of dust instead of I
30、SO 9096, therefore deletion of all references to ISO 9096 and replacement by EN 13284-1:2001 Additional normative reference to EN ISO/IEC 17025:2005 Deletion of reference to ISO 4793:1980 6. Clause 3 Terms and definitions: Distinction between Clause 3 “Terms and definitions“ and Clause 4 “Symbols an
31、d abbreviations“ resulting in a different numbering of the following chapters Corrected definition of “field blank“ for clarification Corrected definition of “analytical blank“ for clarification Corrected definition of “sampling standard“: only furans “Syringe standard“ renamed to read “recovery sta
32、ndard“ Corrected definition of “recovery standard“: only dioxins Additional definition of “dioxin-like PCBs“ Additional definition of “flue gas sample volume“ Additional definition of “measurement series“ resp. “sampling campaign“ EN 1948-1:2006 (E) 5 Corrected definition and requirement of isokinet
33、ic sampling according to EN 13284-1:2001 Additional definition and calculation of limit of detection Additional definition and calculation of limit of quantification Additional definition of WHO-TEF/WHO-TEQ 7. Clause 5.1 Sampling: Addition of a hint, that a higher temperature than 20C/40C (depending
34、 of the chosen sampling method) can be used for the sample gas if it is demonstrated that the results obtained are equivalent. Corrected clarification regarding the temperature falling below the dew point resp. regarding the increase of the relative humidity 8. Clause 6.1 General sampling device: Ex
35、tension of the general sampling devices, deletion of the old subclauses 5.1.1 to 5.1.4 dealing with the single compilation of the devices for the different sampling methods, because all details are listed in Annex B Additional note regarding oxygen concentration and its influence on the performance
36、characteristics Harmonisation of the sampling device requirements with other existing standards EN 13284-1, EN 14790, EN 14789 9. Clause 6.2 Materials: Enlargement of the requirements for materials 10. Clause 6.3 Cleaning the sampling device: New subclause 6.3 11. Clause 7.1 Method validation criter
37、ia: a) Requirements for the plane filter efficiency according to EN 13284-1:2001 c) Correction of the validation requirement regarding the flue gas sample volume c) Additional validation requirements with regard to the mean adsorber temperature 12. Clause 7.2 Requirements for sampling: Maximum sampl
38、ing time of 8 h was deleted d) The field blank must be carried out according to the new subclause 7.3 e) Addition of the requirement regarding quantification limit according to EN 1948-3, addition of formula for calculation of the quantification limit according to EN 1948-3, addition of notes regard
39、ing minimum flue gas sample volume and regarding minimum sampling time according 2000/76/EG f) Addition of the spiked parts of the equipment 13. Clause 7.3 Field blank requirements: Additional section dealing with a completed and corrected compilation of all field blank requirements EN 1948-1:2006 (
40、E) 6 14. Clauses 7.4, 7.5, 7.6 Additional sampling minimum requirements for the 3 different methods: Addition of a footnote, that a temperature limit of 125 C is required for the filter of the filter/condenser method to avoid chemical reactions on activated surfaces. Deletion of the requirement to c
41、onnect the sampling device according to figures in Annex B Deletion of the requirement to cool des sample gas temperature with a maximum of 20 C resp. 40 C 15. Clause 9.3.4.2 Changing sampling line: Additional requirement of leak check when changing sampling 16. Clause 9.3.5.1 Sample recovery from t
42、he sampling train: Additional requirements with regard to rinsing the equipment, the rinsing solution becomes part of the sample 17. Clause 9.3.5.2 Sample storage: Deletion of the requirement to store the samples below 4 C. Additional requirement to use screw-caps with aluminium-lined seals for stor
43、ing 18. Clause 9.4 Calculation of flue gas volume: Correction of the formula for conversion to standard conditions 19. Clause 9.5 Sampling report: Addition of the content and the relevance of the sampling report e) Addition of requirement regarding the identification of the used parts of the samplin
44、g equipment g) Harmonisation of the requirement regarding isokinetic sampling according to EN 13284-1:2001 20. Annex A: Revision/update of the Toxicity of PCDD/PCDF according to the requirements of the WHO 21. Annex B: Addition of bibliography references 22. Annex B 1.5b: Correction of filter positi
45、on 23. Annex E / F: Deletion of annexes dealing with humidity and oxygen content determination 24. Annex E: Update of the hint regarding mandate of the standardisation project and regarding fulfilment of basic requirements of EU Directives 94/67/EC and 2000/76/EC 25. Bibliography: Update According t
46、o the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Lu
47、xembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. EN 1948-1:2006 (E) 7 Introduction Two groups of related chlorinated aromatic ethers are known as polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzof
48、urans (PCDFs); they consist of a total of 210 individual substances (congeners): 75 PCDDs and 135 PCDFs. PCDDs and PCDFs can form in the combustion of organic materials; they also occur as undesirable by-products in the manufacture or further processing of chlorinated organic chemicals. PCDDs/PCDFs
49、enter the environment via these emission paths and through the use of contaminated materials. In fact, they are universally present in very small concentrations. The 2,3,7,8-chlorine substituted congeners are toxicologically significant. Toxicologically much less significant than tetrachlorinated to octachlorinated dibenzodioxins/-dibenzofurans are the 74 monochlorinated to trichlorinated dibenzodioxins/dibenzofurans (for toxicity equivalent factors, see Annex A). Only ski
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