1、Licensed Copy: Wang Bin, ISO/EXCHANGE CHINA STANDARDS, 05/09/2008 02:30, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSIg49g50g3g38g50g51g60g44g49g42g3g58g44g55g43g50g56g55g3g37g54g44g3g51g40g53g48g44g54g54g44g50g49g3g40g59g38g40g51g55g3g36g54g3g51g40g53g48g44g55g55g40g39g3g37g60g3g38g50g51g60g53g44g42g43g55g3g47g36g58c
2、onnection Test methods Part 222: Insertion Loss (I.L.)ICS 49.060Aerospace series Elements of electrical and optical BRITISH STANDARDBS EN 2591-222:2007BS EN 2591-222:2007Licensed Copy: Wang Bin, ISO/EXCHANGE CHINA STANDARDS, 05/09/2008 02:30, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSIThis British Standard was publi
3、shed under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 30 June 2008 BSI 2008ISBN 978 0 580 56476 5Amendments/corrigenda issued since publicationDate CommentsCompliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations.National forewordThis British Standard is
4、the UK implementation of EN 2591-222:2007. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee ACE/6, Aerospace avionic electrical and fibre optic technology.A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary.This publication do
5、es not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application.EUROPEAN STANDARDNORME EUROPENNEEUROPISCHE NORMEN 2591-222December 2007ICS 49.060English VersionAerospace series - Elements of electrical and optical connection- Test methods - Par
6、t 222: Insertion Loss (I.L.)Srie arospatiale - Organes de connexion lectrique etoptique - Mthodes dessais - Partie 222 : Pertes dinsertionLuft- und Raumfahrt - Elektrische und optischeVerbindungselemente - Prfverfahren - Teil 222:EinfgungsdmpfungThis European Standard was approved by CEN on 27 April
7、 2006.CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this EuropeanStandard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such nationalstandards may be obtained
8、on application to the CEN Management Centre or to any CEN member.This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translationunder the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN Management Ce
9、ntre has the same status as theofficial versions.CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland,France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland
10、, Portugal,Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATIONCOMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATIONEUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNGManagement Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels 2007 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any me
11、ans reservedworldwide for CEN national Members.Ref. No. EN 2591-222:2007: ELicensed Copy: Wang Bin, ISO/EXCHANGE CHINA STANDARDS, 05/09/2008 02:30, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI2 Contents Page Foreword3 1 Scope 4 2 Normative references 4 3 Preparation of specimens.4 4 Apparatus .5 5 Procedure .5 6 Requ
12、irement.6 7 Detail to be specified.6 Annex A (normative) Definition of S parameters .8 BS EN 2591-222:2007Licensed Copy: Wang Bin, ISO/EXCHANGE CHINA STANDARDS, 05/09/2008 02:30, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI3 Foreword This document (EN 2591-222:2007) has been prepared by the Aerospace and Defence Indu
13、stries Association of Europe - Standardization (ASD-STAN). After enquiries and votes carried out in accordance with the rules of this Association, this Standard has received the approval of the National Associations and the Official Services of the member countries of ASD, prior to its presentation
14、to CEN. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by June 2008, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by June 2008. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some
15、 of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to imple
16、ment this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland
17、and the United Kingdom. BS EN 2591-222:2007Licensed Copy: Wang Bin, ISO/EXCHANGE CHINA STANDARDS, 05/09/2008 02:30, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI4 1 Scope This standard specifies a measurement method of insertion loss, in the required frequency bandwidth of coax contacts or connectors with characterist
18、ic impedance. It shall be used together with EN 2591-100. The measurement is carried out according to vectorial method using “S” parameters (see definition in Annex A). 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated referen
19、ces, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN 2591-100, Aerospace series Elements of electrical and optical connection Test methods Part 100: General. 3 Preparation of specimens The sampling shall inc
20、lude, for each specified cable, a minimum of two section of coaxial cable with connector in both ends. The first section called “Reference” is constituted as follow (see Figure 1): (600 5) mm of coaxial cable 1 male coaxial connector (SMA, N or TNC type ) 1 female coaxial connector (SMA, N or TNC ty
21、pe ) Key 1 Coaxial (Std) female connector 2 Coaxial (Std) male connector 3 Coaxial cable; Lg. = (600 5) mm Figure 1 1 2 3BS EN 2591-222:2007Licensed Copy: Wang Bin, ISO/EXCHANGE CHINA STANDARDS, 05/09/2008 02:30, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI5 The coaxial connectors shall be selected to offer optimum p
22、erformances for each used cable and measured frequency range. They must have a reflection coefficient better than 0,1 ( 20 dB) in the test frequency range. It is necessary to use the same type of connector on each section of cable. The second section called “Measure” (see Figure 2) is constituted by
23、 the same elements as “Reference Section”, the sample to be measured shall be installed in the middle of the section of the cable. Key 1 Coaxial (Std) female connector 2 Device under test 3 Coaxial (Std) male connector 4 Coaxial cable; Lg. = 2 (300 2,5) mm Figure 2 4 Apparatus The apparatus shall co
24、mprise measuring equipment which includes (see Figure 3): vector network analyser calibration kit standard precision adapters a 75 kit of transformation, to perform measurement from 50 network analyser, when it is necessary. 5 Procedure 5.1 Calibration Select measure frequency range and sampling poi
25、nts number. Carry out the complete calibration of network analyser, Part 1 and Part 2 (“S” Parameters, S11, S12, S21and S22) Using calibration kit according to instructions specified by network analyser manufacturer. 3 41 4 2BS EN 2591-222:2007Licensed Copy: Wang Bin, ISO/EXCHANGE CHINA STANDARDS, 0
26、5/09/2008 02:30, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI6 5.2 Measurement Connect reference section on network analyser, using if necessary, standard precision adapter. Perform the measurement, and run the curves tracer or record the values (S12, S21parameters). Move “reference section”, connect the “measure sec
27、tion” on the equipment, run the measurement and curve tracer, or record the values as above. 6 Requirement Sample insertion loss, which is measured, is the result of: (measured insertion loss reference insertion loss). Insertion loss shall not exceed the values specified in the product standard. (Th
28、e insertion loss of one contact or connector shall be the insertion loss of the contact or connector pair divided by two). 7 Detail to be specified The following items shall be specified: coaxial devices (contact or connector) part numbers coaxial cables part number standard coaxial connectors part
29、number network analyser, manufacturer, type and serial number frequency range sampling point number standard precision adapter part number measurement impedance (50 or 75 ) for coaxial contact, connection length wiring instruction and tooling for thread coupling connectors, the coupling torque of th
30、e coupling ring. BS EN 2591-222:2007Licensed Copy: Wang Bin, ISO/EXCHANGE CHINA STANDARDS, 05/09/2008 02:30, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI7 Key 1 Vector network analyser 2 RF generator and “S” parameter test set Legend Precision hermaphroditic connectors Standard Precision Adapters Figure 3 Hermaphrodi
31、te Interface Standard Coaxial Connector Interface Device Under Test Interface BS EN 2591-222:2007Licensed Copy: Wang Bin, ISO/EXCHANGE CHINA STANDARDS, 05/09/2008 02:30, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI8 Annex A (normative) Definition of S parameters A.1 Effective Power of a Sinusoidal source Consider an
32、E.M.F. source, E, measured in Vrmswith an internal impedance Zgand a load impedance Z. The applied power P dissipated in Z is defined as () ()Z eZZE*Z*Z*EZZZEe*I V e Pggg+=+=22)()(P is a maximum when *ZZg= (balanced load). This maximum power is known as the effective or RMS nota Root Mean Squared po
33、wer for a given source (E, Zg) and can be expressed as Prms= )(2gdZeEP=4In general, when Z has a different value to Zg, we define P as +=221)(gggZZ*Z-ZZeEP4where ggZZ*ZZ+is known as the Power Reflection Coefficient. The power dissipated in Z can be expressed as the difference of two powers, and when
34、 the source (E, Zg) power is maximum and when Z Zg, the amount of power reflected towards the source is equal to 2ggZZ*Z-Z+BS EN 2591-222:2007Licensed Copy: Wang Bin, ISO/EXCHANGE CHINA STANDARDS, 05/09/2008 02:30, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI9 A.2 Waves Incident and Reflected (Kurokawa Waves) Let us
35、define an impedance, Z, in terms of a potential difference, V, and a current I. We also define an Incident Wave, a, and a Reflected Wave, b, with respect to a Reference Resistance, Rg, as follows: the power dissipated in Z = P = |a|2 |b|2 the effective power generated by the source (E, Rg) = Prms= |
36、a|2Expressing a and b in terms of V, I, Rg, gives: ggRI R Va2+= ggRI R Vb2= If Z is supplied by the source (E, Rg) we can state that E = V + Rg.I which automatically validates Prms = |a|2. NOTE - Rgis known as the Reference Resistance for the “waves“ a and b - The word wave is written inside speech
37、marks because a and b do not show the typical electromagnetic behaviour associated with classical waves they are rather Power Waves - The definition of a and b is independent of that fact that the dipole Z is fed by a source of an internal resistance Rg- The power dissipated in Z is independent of t
38、he characteristics of the source and is always equal to |a|2|b|2- The ratio of the waves b to a is equal to (when V = Z.I) ggR ZR - Zab+= which is the Reflection Coefficient of the impedance Z with respect to the reference resistance Rg. BS EN 2591-222:2007Licensed Copy: Wang Bin, ISO/EXCHANGE CHINA
39、 STANDARDS, 05/09/2008 02:30, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI10 A.3 S Parameters of a quad pole Let us apply the precedent definition to the input and output of a quad pole device. This time we define an incident and reflected wave, a1and b1, for the input side and incident and reflected wave, a2and b2,
40、for the output side, relative to the input and output reference resistances, R1and R2. 111112 R I RVa+= 222222 R I RVa+= 111112 R I RVb= 222222 R I RVb= We can state that the system is linear and we can therefore re-write the above equations to express on variable in function of two of the other unk
41、nowns. b1= S11 a1+ S12 a2b2= S21 a1+ S22 a2These S Parameters are also known as the system distribution parameters and characterise the quad pole in function of its input and output reference resistances, R1and R2. NOTE These S Parameters define the quad pole at a given frequency A.4 Physical Signif
42、ication and Interest of S Parameters A.4.1 Physical significance of S11If S11= b1/a1, where a2= 0, then a2is equivalent to V2= R2.I2, the output of the quad pole is therefore closed loop on R2and if Zeis the input impedance of Q, then in these conditions, we can state that V1 = Ze.I1and S11is the in
43、put reflection coefficient with respect to R1when the output impedance = R2. 1111RZRZSee+=BS EN 2591-222:2007Licensed Copy: Wang Bin, ISO/EXCHANGE CHINA STANDARDS, 05/09/2008 02:30, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI11 A.4.2 Physical significance of S22In the same way, if S22= b2/a2then when a1= 0, the inpu
44、t is closed loop on R1and under these conditions if Zois the output impedance, we obtain S22is the input reflection coefficient with respect to R2when the input impedance = R1. The Smmparameters are therefore defined as the Reflection Coefficients. A.4.3 Physical significance of S21If S21= b2/a1then
45、 when a2= 0, the output is closed loop on R2and therefore 111222211221IRVIRVRRabS+= If we assume that the quad pole Q is supplied by a source (E, R1) then E = V1+ R1.I1and V2= R2.I2The quad pole being supplied by a source of impedance R1and with a load R2will have a S Parameter S21proportional to a
46、voltage gain called the System Transmission Coefficient. If we take the square of S21then we obtain )/12122221222221RMS PowerinRMS Power 44R (E, R RERVRREVS = where |S21|2is the Composite Power Gain. 2222RZRZSss+= EVRRS221212= BS EN 2591-222:2007Licensed Copy: Wang Bin, ISO/EXCHANGE CHINA STANDARDS,
47、 05/09/2008 02:30, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI12 A.4.4 Physical significance of S12We can do a similar calculation as above and we will find that, for a quad pole Q supplied by a source (E, R2) and whose input is closed loop on R1, the S12parameter is defined by EVRRS112212= S21is called the Inverse
48、Transmission Coefficient. These S Parameters are used to characterise the junctions in high frequency applications because they possess a number of advantages: these parameters are measurable at R1and R2. In practice we choose standard values for resistances R1and R2such as 50 ohms or 75 ohms. It is
49、 much easier to measure variables over a known resistance than on an open circuit (Z Parameters) or in a short circuit (Y Parameters); in closing each side of the circuit allows frequency sweeping; as the termination resistances R1and R2are dissipative, the risks of instability during the analysis of the active quad pole are decreased (which is not the case for open or short-circuits); a simple device already exists to separate a and b waves at high
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