1、BRITISH STANDARD AEROSPACE SERIES BS EN 4408-5:2005 Technical drawings Representation of parts made of composite materials Part 5: Seams The European Standard EN 4408-5:2005 has the status of a British Standard ICS 01.100.99; 49.020 BS EN 4408-5:2005 This British Standard was published under the aut
2、hority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 October 2005 BSI 31 October 2005 ISBN 0 580 46480 6 National foreword This British Standard is the official English language version of EN 4408-5:2005. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted by Technical Committee ACE/65, Non
3、-metallic materials for aerospace purposes (excluding textiles), to Subcommittee ACE/65/-/64, Structural reinforced plastics, which has the responsibility to: aid enquirers to understand the text; present to the responsible international/European committee any enquiries on the interpretation, or pro
4、posals for change, and keep UK interests informed; monitor related international and European developments and promulgate them in the UK. A list of organizations represented on this subcommittee can be obtained on request to its secretary. Cross-references The British Standards which implement inter
5、national or European publications referred to in this document may be found in the BSI Catalogue under the section entitled “International Standards Correspondence Index”, or by using the “Search” facility of the BSI Electronic Catalogue or of British Standards Online. This publication does not purp
6、ort to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, the EN title page
7、, pages 2 to 15 and a back cover. The BSI copyright notice displayed in this document indicates when the document was last issued. Amendments issued since publication Amd. No. Date CommentsEUROPEANSTANDARD NORMEEUROPENNE EUROPISCHENORM EN4408005 May2005 ICS01.100.99;49.020 Englishversion Aerospacese
8、riesTechnicaldrawingsRepresentationofparts madeofcompositematerialsPart5:Seams SriearospatialeDessinstechniquesReprsentation desarticlesenmatriauxcompositesPartie5:Coutures LuftundRaumfahrtTechnischeZeichnungen DarstellungvonTeilenausVerbundwerkstoffenTeil5: Nhte ThisEuropeanStandardwasapprovedbyCEN
9、on15July2004. CENmembersareboundtocomplywiththeCEN/CENELECInternalRegulationswhichstipulatetheconditionsforgivingthisEurope an Standardthestatusofanationalstandardwithoutanyalteration.Uptodatelistsandbibliographicalreferencesconcernings uchnational standardsmaybeobtainedonapplicationtotheCentralSecr
10、etariatortoanyCENmember. ThisEuropeanStandardexistsinthreeofficialversions(English,French,German).Aversioninanyotherlanguagemadebytra nslation undertheresponsibilityofaCENmemberintoitsownlanguageandnotifiedtotheCentralSecretariathasthesamestatusast heofficial versions. CENmembersarethenationalstanda
11、rdsbodiesofAustria,Belgium,Cyprus,CzechRepublic,Denmark,Estonia,Finland,France, Germany,Greece,Hungary,Iceland,Ireland,Italy,Latvia,Lithuania,Luxembourg,Malta,Netherlands,Norway,Poland,Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia,Spain,Sweden,SwitzerlandandUnitedKingdom. EUROPEANCOMMITTEEFORSTANDARDIZATION COMITEUR
12、OPENDENORMALISATION EUROPISCHESKOMITEEFRNORMUNG ManagementCentre:ruedeStassart,36B1050Brussels 2005CEN Allrightsofexploitationinanyformandbyanymeansreserved worldwideforCENnationalMembers. Ref.No.EN4408005:2005:EEN 4408-5:2005 2 Contents Page Foreword 3 Introduction4 1 Scope .5 2 Normative reference
13、s .5 3 Terms and definitions.5 4 Seams made by fibre grafting 7 4.1 Design parameters7 4.2 Representation in the graft table .7 4.3 Representation on the image .7 5 Sewn seam 9 5.1 Design parameters9 5.2 Representation symbols in the sewing table9 5.3 Representation on the image .9 5.4 Recommended s
14、titches10 Annex A (informative) Examples of stitches 11 A.1 1-thread chain stitch .11 A.1.1 Barred witch stitch or cross stitch 11 A.1.2 Shell scalloping stitch 11 A.1.3 Front stitch or slip stitch 12 A.1.4 Lockstitch 12 A.1.5 Zigzag stitch 13 A.2 2-thread chain stitch .13 Bibliography.15 EN 4408-5:
15、2005 3 Foreword This document (EN 4408-005:2005) has been prepared by the European Association of Aerospace Manufacturers - Standardization (AECMA-STAN). After enquiries and votes carried out in accordance with the rules of this Association, this Standard has received the approval of the National As
16、sociations and the Official Services of the member countries of AECMA, prior to its presentation to CEN. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by November 2005, and conflicting national sta
17、ndards shall be withdrawn at the latest by November 2005. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. According to the CEN/CENELEC
18、 Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta,
19、Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. 4 Introduction This document makes reference to textile standards which quote two types of seams, these being: assembly seam; reinforcing seam. The assembly seam undergoes a mechanical effor
20、t which is not the case of the holding seam. This distinction may appear necessary in the case of dry fabrics, whereas in aerospace applications there is a systematic curing or densification, therefore it would appear difficult to distinguish them as far as the ready-for-use product is concerned. Th
21、e technical definition of seams is required for reinforcing seams. EN 4408-5:20055 1 Scope This standard specifies the representation of seams of composite materials as well as the information to be indicated in technical drawings. It is applicable to aerospace structures using items linked by seams
22、 in dry fabrics, prepregs, film, etc. It shall be used together with EN 4408-001. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the
23、referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN 4408-001, Aerospace series Technical drawings Representation of parts made of composite materials Part 1: General rules. 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in EN 4408-001 and the follow
24、ing apply. 3.1 assembly seam (retention) it cannot endure any notable effort in using the item 3.2 fibre grafting action of changing the direction of fibres in an element with or without penetration in another element 3.3 lacing liaison obtained by a continuous link passed through previously perfora
25、ted holes 3.4 needling consolidation of a fibre lap by entanglement using numerous penetrations of spring needles Needling is a means of fibre grafting (see Figure 1). EN 4408-5:20056 Key 1 Superposed fibre lap 2 Spring needles 3 Entangled fibres 4 Support fabric 5 Fibres pulled through when needlin
26、g Figure 1 3.5 percentage of grafted fibres quantity of fibres grafted compared to the total quantity of fibres in a basic element, which implies a homogeneous distribution of grafting points in the area in question 3.6 reinforcing seam it endures an important part of the effort imposed on the item
27、3.7 seam application of a series of stitches or types of stitches to one or several thicknesses of material 3.8 securing the start and end of a seam the two techniques the most commonly used are the multiple passage with reverse and forward stitches and the stitch secured by knotting 3.9 stitch stru
28、ctural unity resulting from one or several strands of yarn or yarn loops twisted together, entwined or passed in or through a material A stitch may be formed: without any additional material; in the material; through the material; on the material. 5 4 3 2 1 Manufacturing direction EN 4408-5:20057 4
29、Seams made by fibre grafting 4.1 Design parameters The design parameters to be taken into account in the case of fibre grafting are as follows: start of grafting; thickness of layers to be linked; end of graft; percentage of fibres to be grafted (it is difficult to measure the percentage of grafted
30、fibres) or other criteria to provide for a definition of the characteristics to be obtained. 4.2 Representation in the graft table In as much as the drawing allows, the graft table shall be associated with the lay-up table. The symbols to be used are defined in Table 1. Table 1 Design parameters Dra
31、wing symbol Start of graft point Thickness to be linked (line) Direction and end of graft (arrow) Percentage of fibres to be grafted or other criteria allowing a definition of the characteristics to be obtained NOTE (see Table 2) 4.3 Representation on the image See Figure 2 and Figure 3. EN 4408-5:2
32、0058 Section F-F Figure 2 Dimensions in millimetres GRAFT / SEAM TABLE STRATIFICATION TABLE 1 3 6 1 3 1 1 1 2 6 9 0 0 , 3 3 1 1 2 1 0 0 , 3 3 1 116 900,33 1 1 1 1 450,33 1 1 0 6 0 0 , 3 3 Percentage of fibres to be grafted or other criteria 1 1 0 1 4 5 0 , 3 3 NOTE A1A2A3A4 FABRICS LAPS AREA THICKNE
33、SS GRAFT / SEAM AREA L2 L1 NOTE LAYER IDENTIFICATION DIRECTION THICKNESS 0,99 1,98 1,32 NOTE 1 In the graft table, the start or finish of arrows means a complete layer or set of complete layers passed through by the seam (do not trust the number of plies passed through). EXAMPLE in graft area L2, gr
34、afting takes place: from layer 106 to layer 101 (inclusive); from layer 101 to layer 111 (inclusive). NOTE 2 The rules for identifying graft or fibre seam areas “L“ are identical to those for lamination areas “A“ (EN 4408-001). Figure 3 126 121 A3 A2 A1 116 101 106 111 L1 L2 F F WARP 0 EN 4408-5:200
35、59 5 Sewn seam 5.1 Design parameters The design parameters to be taken into account in the case of sewn seams are as follows: start and stop of seam; thickness of layer to be linked; kind and section of the link; stitch type; tension of the link (daN); row pitch, stitch pitch. 5.2 Representation sym
36、bols in the sewing table The symbols to be used are defined in Table 2. Table 2 Design parameters Drawing symbol Needle side point Thickness to be linked (line) Limit of linked thickness (arrow) Other criteria allowing a definition of the characteristics to be obtained NOTE In the NOTE, the followin
37、g shall be stated if necessary: kind and section of link; stitch pitch, row pitch; tension of link; stitch type; knotted start or knotted stop; others. 5.3 Representation on the image See Figure 4. The symbols to be used are defined in Table 3. EN 4408-5:200510 Table 3 Design parameters Drawing symb
38、ol Indications of seam lines (fine dotted line) Seam stitch (fine line) Stitch type (3 characters) NOTE The presentation in the seam table is identical to the one in the graft table. Figure 4 5.4 Recommended stitches See Table 4. The stitches shall comply with Annex A. The definition of stitches as
39、well as passage of the yarn are given in Annex A. Table 4 Kind Numerical code 1-thread chain stitch 101 Barred witch stitch or cross stitch 204 Shell scalloping stitch 206 Front stitch or slip stitch 209 Lockstitch 301 Zigzag stitch 304 2-thread chain stitch 401 XXX 301 206 101 2X 111 106 101 EN 440
40、8-5:200511 Annex A (informative) Examples of stitches A.1 1-thread chain stitch See Figure A.1. This type of stitch is made with one thread of needle 1 a loop of which is passed through the material by the side of the needle and is twisted together with itself on the other side. A minimum of two sti
41、tches completes this stitch type. This stitch type is designated by the numerical code: 101. Figure A.1 A.1.1 Barred witch stitch or cross stitch See Figure A.2. This type of stitch is made with a thread of needle 1 which is passed through the material, offset to a diagonal over the material for the
42、 width of a stitch, passed through the material and brought back across an appropriate length before crossing the material once again. It then passes diagonally through the material for the width of a stitch, passes through the material and passes through the material again to a similar length at th
43、e back. This process is repeated to form parallel rows of stitches separated and staggered on one side and a criss- cross pattern on the other side (when done by hand, this stitch is generally done from left to right). A minimum of two stitches completes this stitch type. This stitch type is designa
44、ted by the numerical code: 204. Figure A.2 A.1.2 Shell scalloping stitch See Figure A.3. EN 4408-5:200512 This type of stitch is made with a thread of needle 1 which is passed twice through the material and pulled out perpendicularly to the direction of the successive formation of stitches by passin
45、g over the thread of the previous stitch to form a loop. The successive stitches are spaced at chosen intervals and may be loose or tight. When done by hand, this stitch type is generally formed from left to right. A minimum of two stitches completes this stitch type. This stitch type is designated
46、by the numerical code: 206. Figure A.3 A.1.3 Front stitch or slip stitch See Figure A.4. This type of stitch is made with a thread of needle 1 which is passed through the material, brought forward over an appropriate length and passed back through the material. The points of needle penetration may b
47、e brought nearer and be used for gathering or adjusting the material or may be spread out alternatively at different intervals. A minimum of two stitches completes this stitch type. This stitch type is designated by the numerical code: 209. Figure A.4 A.1.4 Lockstitch See Figure A.5. This type of st
48、itch is formed with two threads: a thread from needle 1 and the thread from the spool. A loop of thread 1 is passed through the material by the side of the needle and is entwined with the thread a on the other side. Thread 1 is brought back so that where they are entwined is situated halfway from the faces of the sewn material. This stitch type is sometimes formed with one thread; in this case, the first stitch differs from the
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