1、raising standards worldwideNO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWBSI Standards PublicationClay roofing tiles for discontinuous laying Determination of physical characteristicsPart 2: Test for frost resistanceBS EN 539-2:2013National forewordThis British Standard is th
2、e UK implementation of EN 539-2:2013. It supersedes BS EN 539-2:2006 which is withdrawn.The UK committee advises, for UK climate and conditions, when using clause 5.5, tiles should exceed 400 cycles when tested.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted by Technical Committee B/542, Roofi
3、ng and cladding products for discontinuous laying, to subcommittee B/542/3, Clay roofing tiles.A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained onrequest to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of acontract. Users are responsibl
4、e for its correct application. The British Standards Institution 2013.Published by BSI Standards Limited 2013ISBN 978 0 580 79920 4 ICS 91.100.25Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations.This British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards P
5、olicy and Strategy Committee on 31 May 2013.Amendments issued since publication Date Text affectedBRITISH STANDARDBS EN 539-2:2013EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM EN 539-2 May 2013 ICS 91.100.25 Supersedes EN 539-2:2006English Version Clay roofing tiles for discontinuous laying - De
6、termination of physical characteristics - Part 2: Test for frost resistance Tuiles de terre cuite pour pose en discontinu - Dtermination des caractristiques physiques - Partie 2: Essais de rsistance au gel Dachziegel fr berdeckende Verlegung - Bestimmung der physikalischen Eigenschaften - Teil 2: Pr
7、fung der Frostwiderstandsfhigkeit This European Standard was approved by CEN on 14 March 2013. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-da
8、te lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
9、 under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, For
10、mer Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT
11、 EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2013 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 539-2:2013: EBS EN 539-2:2013EN 539-2:2013 (E) 2 Contents Page Forew
12、ord 3 1 Scope 4 2 Normative references 4 3 Terms and definitions .4 4 Test pieces .8 5 Test method (European single test method) 8 Annex A (normative) Determination of the dry density by hydrostatic weighting 17 Bibliography . 18 BS EN 539-2:2013EN 539-2:2013 (E) 3 Foreword This document (EN 539-2:2
13、013) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 128 “Roof covering products for discontinuous laying and products for wall cladding”, the secretariat of which is held by IBN. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or b
14、y endorsement, at the latest by November 2013, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by November 2013. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible
15、for identifying any or all such patent rights. This document supersedes EN 539-2:2006. In comparison to the previous edition, modifications have been made in Clause 1, subclauses 3.1, 3.5, 3.6 and 3.8, Clause 5 and Annex A. The test methods A, B, C and D are withdrawn. This part of EN 539 is precede
16、d by: EN 539-1, Clay roofing tiles for discontinuous laying Determination of physical characteristics Part 1: Impermeability test This part of EN 539 is one of a series of standards concerning clay roofing tiles, the list of which is indicated below: EN 1304, Clay roofing tiles and fittings Products
17、 definitions and specifications EN 538, Clay roofing tiles for discontinuous laying Flexural strength test EN 1024, Clay roofing tiles for discontinuous laying Determination of geometric characteristics According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organisations of the fo
18、llowing countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands
19、, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom. BS EN 539-2:2013EN 539-2:2013 (E) 4 1 Scope This European Standard specifies the test method for the determination of frost resistance of clay roofing tiles and fittings. The test meth
20、od is applicable in all CEN member countries in accordance with the required performance level of each member state. 2 Normative references Not applicable. 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 3.1 pit superficial fault consisting of a
21、fraction of material detached from the body of the product on the visible surface of the product with a mean dimension of over 7 mm Note 1 to entry: This is often due to the expansion of a particle of, for example, chalk or pyrites. SOURCE: EN 1304:2013, 3.5.18.2 Figure 1 Example of pit 3.2 hair cra
22、ck superficial crack having a width of not more than 0,20 mm Figure 2 Example of hair crack BS EN 539-2:2013EN 539-2:2013 (E) 5 3.3 nascent crack crack formation at the edge, with the crack only penetrating slightly into the interior of the ceramic body Figure 3 Example of nascent crack 3.4 surface
23、crack crack more than 0,20 mm wide and with a length of more than 30 mm, which does not pass through the thickness of the product Figure 4 Example of surface crack 3.5 surface damage loss of a part of the ceramic body material from the surface of the product with the longest dimension greater than 1
24、5 mm together with the widest dimension perpendicular to the length greater than 5 mm 3.5.1 scaling surface raising, nascent chipping, or crack, which initiates damage Figure 5 Example of scaling BS EN 539-2:2013EN 539-2:2013 (E) 6 3.5.2 chip loss of a fraction of the body material of the product Fi
25、gure 6 Example of chip 3.5.3 peeling loss of a part of the superficial layer of the product Figure 7 Example of peeling 3.5.4 flaking progressive loss of body material affecting parts or the whole thickness of the product Figure 8 Example of flaking BS EN 539-2:2013EN 539-2:2013 (E) 7 3.6 structural
26、 crack structural fault consisting of a more or less regular crack running throughout the entire thickness of the product and visible to the naked eye SOURCE: EN 1304:2013, 3.5.17.2 Figure 9 Example of structural crack 3.7 loss of ribs loss of body material from the interlocking ribs sufficient to i
27、nfluence their function Figure 10 Example of loss of ribs 3.8 break structural fault consisting of a separation of the product into two or more fragments SOURCE: EN 1304:2013, 3.5.17.1 Figure 11 Example of break BS EN 539-2:2013EN 539-2:2013 (E) 8 3.9 delamination lamellar flaking which can lead to
28、the delamination of the body in a succession of parallel layers Figure 12 Example of delamination 3.10 calibration device roof tile or ceramic slab which may be specially made to possess the characteristics defined within 5.4.1.1 and which will not be damaged during the calibration 4 Test pieces If
29、the tiles or fittings are placed on the market with a ceramic coating and/or treatment, the tests shall be carried out on test pieces which have this same coating and/or treatment. When the tiles or fittings are taken from a site or building, they shall be tested in the state in which they are found
30、, but the interpretation of the test results shall take into account the stresses to which these installed products have been subjected. 5 Test method (European single test method) 5.1 Principle Test pieces are progressively immersed in water for a period of seven days, then covered on their back wi
31、th a damp cloth, and then placed in a freezing chamber where they are subjected to freeze/thaw cycles. During these cycles, the products are frozen by air and thawed by water on all of their surfaces at the same time. The damage that occurs during the test is recorded. The number of cycles of each l
32、evel is specified in this European Standard. 5.2 Apparatus 5.2.1 Freeze/thaw unit The freeze/thaw unit shall consist of a freezing chamber, fan, cooling units, water level regulator, water drain and programme control unit. The freeze/thaw unit shall be closed on all sides. An example is given in Fig
33、ure 13. The freeze/thaw unit shall be provided with a rack to hold the test pieces as specified in 5.4.2.5. Temperature sensor(s) shall be fitted inside the freezing chamber to permit monitoring of the temperature distribution inside the chamber. The temperature sensor(s), e.g. measurement thermocou
34、ples or resistance BS EN 539-2:2013EN 539-2:2013 (E) 9 thermometers and suitable recording instruments, shall have an error limit of 0,5 K. Tolerances are given by taking into account the uncertainty of the recording instruments. If necessary, deflectors should be fitted to maintain a uniform temper
35、ature distribution. It shall be possible to regulate the cooling capacity of the unit (see 5.2.2) to ensure that the cooling and ice formation rates as measured in a calibration tile are in accordance with the freeze/thaw curve given in Figure 14. A water feed shall be provided to ensure that both s
36、urfaces of the tile are uniformly flooded by water. The water temperature shall be (11 6) C. In order to achieve a steady and reproducible sequence of the freeze/thaw cycles, the freeze/thaw unit shall be equipped with a programme control unit to allow the cooling and the thawing processes to be car
37、ried out in the required time. Key 1 water input 2 heat exchanger 3 roofing tile fixing 4 circulating fan Figure 13 Example of freeze/thaw unit 5.2.2 Regulation of the cooling capacity of the freeze/thaw unit 5.2.2.1 Methods of control The method of regulating the cooling capacity of the freeze/thaw
38、 unit depends on whether or not the freeze/thaw unit has a fixed cooling capacity or a variable cooling capacity. The methods to be adopted for each of these two options are described in 5.2.2.2 and 5.2.2.3. 5.2.2.2 Freeze/thaw units with fixed cooling capacity The cooling capacity of the unit is fi
39、xed or held constant and the mass and water content of the test pieces that is required to meet the freeze/thaw curve is established by test. Thereafter the freeze/thaw unit shall be loaded with a constant mass of tiles and water content to ensure that the freeze/thaw curve is achieved. BS EN 539-2:
40、2013EN 539-2:2013 (E) 10 If the test pieces introduce a deficiency in the mass of tiles or water content then this shall be corrected by reducing the number of test pieces or by the addition of dummy test pieces and/or wet sponges in plastic bags. 5.2.2.3 Freeze/thaw units with variable cooling capa
41、city These units allow the air temperature to be regulated. The air temperature curve for the freeze/thaw unit is established when a set of calibration tiles are cooled in accordance with the freeze/thaw curve specified in Figure 14. The development of the predetermined air temperature curve depends
42、 on the resistance to heat transmission between the air and the measured test pieces. This is related to the airflow speed, which is a characteristic of the design of the freeze/thaw unit. For this reason, the air temperature curve should be determined for each freeze/thaw unit separately. 5.3 Test
43、sample According to Table 1, the test sample shall consist of six test pieces free of unacceptable defects. All acceptable defects shall be recorded prior to testing. 5.4 Procedure 5.4.1 Calibration of the apparatus 5.4.1.1 Calibration ceramic device (tile) Select a ceramic calibration device (tile)
44、 which is at the point of measurement 12 mm to 14 mm thick, having a dry density of (2,0 0,3) kg/dm3(see Annex A) and a water absorption of (10,5 0,5) % (see 5.4.2.1, 5.4.2.2 and 5.4.2.3). In the calibration device (tile), drill a hole 50 mm long, parallel to its length. A minimum body thickness of
45、3 mm on each side of the hole should be retained. Insert a temperature sensor that reaches to the bottom of the hole and seal the hole with a flexible compound (silicone grease may be used). 5.4.1.2 Calibration of the freezing unit To calibrate the freeze/thaw unit, use a calibration device (tile) w
46、hich is fitted with a temperature sensor. The calibration device, covered with a sheet of cloth on its back, is placed in a rack, vertically on its short side (as shown in Figure 13) or on its long side. Saturate the calibration device and/or tile by progressive saturation as described in 5.4.2.2 an
47、d calculate the water absorption. In addition to the calibration device, it is important that all the racks in the freezing unit are filled with devices so that the mass of the devices is evenly distributed over the volume of the cooling unit. This will ensure that the cooling curve in Figure 14 is
48、achieved throughout the cabinet. Place the calibration device, covered with a sheet of cloth on its back, in the middle of the other devices when calibrating the freeze/thaw unit. If the calibration of the unit is done in accordance with the procedure describe in 5.2.2.2 (freeze/thaw units with fixe
49、d cooling capacity), determine the total device mass and the total water content of all the devices. BS EN 539-2:2013EN 539-2:2013 (E) 11 If the calibration of the unit is done in accordance with the procedure described in 5.2.2.3 (freeze/thaw units with variable cooling capacity), other test pieces can be selected arbitrarily. The calibration shall start with the thawing cycle and the starting thawing water temperature shall be recorded. During calibration, the cooling capacity of the unit shall be adjusted to ens
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