BS EN 843-6-2009 Advanced technical ceramics - Mechanical properties of monolithic ceramics at room temperature - Guidance for fractographic investigation《高级工业陶瓷 室温下单片陶瓷的机械性能 断口显微分.pdf

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10、6g17g22g3g20g37g22g19g36g17g18g19g20g21g33g38Licensed Copy: Wang Bin, ISO/EXCHANGE CHINA STANDARDS, 18/03/2010 01:34, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSIBS EN 843-6:2009EUROPEAN STANDARDNORME EUROPENNEEUROPISCHE NORMEN 843-6August 2009ICS 81.060.30 Supersedes CEN/TS 843-6:2004 English VersionAdvanced technic

11、al ceramics - Mechanical properties ofmonolithic ceramics at room temperature - Part 6: Guidance forfractographic investigationCramiques techniques avances - Proprits mcaniquesdes cramiques monolithiques temprature ambiante -Partie 6: Guide pour lanalyse fractographiqueHochleistungskeramik - Mechani

12、sche Eigenschaftenmonolithischer Keramik bei Raumtemperatur - Teil 6:Leitlinie fr die fraktographische UntersuchungThis European Standard was approved by CEN on 16 July 2009.CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this Europ

13、eanStandard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such nationalstandards may be obtained on application to the CEN Management Centre or to any CEN member.This European Standard exists in three official versions (English,

14、French, German). A version in any other language made by translationunder the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN Management Centre has the same status as theofficial versions.CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus

15、 Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland,France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal,Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATIONCOMIT EU

16、ROPEN DE NORMALISATIONEUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNGManagement Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2009 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reservedworldwide for CEN national Members.Ref. No. EN 843-6:2009: ELicensed Copy: Wang Bin, ISO/EXCHANGE CHINA STANDARDS, 18/03/2

17、010 01:34, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSIBS EN 843-6:2009EN 843-6:2009 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword . 3 1 Scope 4 2 Normative references . 4 3 Terms and definitions . 4 3.1 General terms 4 3.2 Terms classifying inherently volume-distributed fracture origins 4 3.3 Terms classifying inherently surface-dis

18、tributed fracture origins 5 3.4 Terms classifying features on fracture surfaces . 6 4 Significance and use 6 5 Apparatus 6 5.1 Preparation and cleaning facilities 6 5.2 Observational facilities . 7 6 Recommended procedure 9 6.1 Outline 9 6.2 Specimen storage and cleaning of fracture surfaces . 9 6.3

19、 Visual inspection . 9 6.4 Optical microscope examination . 10 6.5 Identification of major fracture surface features . 10 6.6 Scanning electron microscope examination . 12 6.7 Identification of fracture origin 12 6.8 Identification of chemical inhomogeneity at fracture origin 13 6.9 Drawing conclusi

20、ons 13 7 Report . 13 Annex A (informative) Crack patterns in ceramic bodies . 14 Annex B (informative) Examples of general features of fracture surfaces 17 Annex C (informative) Examples of procedure for fracture origin identification. 19 C.1 Single large pores . 20 C.2 Agglomerates 22 C.3 Large gra

21、ins . 24 C.4 Compositional inhomogeneities . 26 C.5 Delaminations 28 C.6 Handling damage 30 C.7 Machining damage 31 C.8 Oxidation pitting 33 C.9 Complex origins 35 C.10 No obvious origins 36 Annex D (informative) Use of fracture mechanical information to aid fractography. 37 D.1 Fracture stress and

22、origin size 37 D.2 Fracture stress and fracture mirror size . 40 Annex E (informative) Example layout of reporting pro-forma . 42 Bibliography . 44 Licensed Copy: Wang Bin, ISO/EXCHANGE CHINA STANDARDS, 18/03/2010 01:34, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSIBS EN 843-6:2009EN 843-6:2009 (E) 3 Foreword This doc

23、ument (EN 843-6:2009) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 184 “Advanced technical ceramics”, the secretariat of which is held by BSI. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by Fe

24、bruary 2010, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by February 2010. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such pa

25、tent rights. This document supersedes CEN/TS 843-6:2004. EN 843 Advanced technical ceramics Mechanical properties of monolithic ceramics at room temperature consists of six parts: Part 1: Determination of flexural strength Part 2: Determination of Youngs modulus, shear modulus and Poissons ratio Par

26、t 3: Determination of subcritical crack growth parameters from constant stressing rate flexural strength tests Part 4: Vickers, Knoop and Rockwell superficial hardness Part 5: Statistical analysis Part 6: Guidance for fractographic investigation According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the

27、 national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Nor

28、way, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. Licensed Copy: Wang Bin, ISO/EXCHANGE CHINA STANDARDS, 18/03/2010 01:34, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSIBS EN 843-6:2009EN 843-6:2009 (E) 4 1 Scope This Part of EN 843 contains guidelines to be adopted

29、when evaluating the appearance of the fracture surface of an advanced technical ceramic. The purpose in undertaking this procedure can be various, for example, for material development or quality assessment, to identify normal or abnormal causes of failure, or as a design aid. NOTE Not all advanced

30、technical ceramics are amenable to fractography. In particular, coarse-grained ceramics can show such rough surfaces that identifying the fracture origin may be impossible. Similarly, porous materials, especially those of a granular nature, tend not to fracture in a continuous manner, making analysi

31、s difficult. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN ISO/IEC 17

32、025, General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories (ISO/IEC 17025:2005) 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 3.1 General terms 3.1.1 crack distinct microstructural discontinuity arising during or after

33、 manufacture caused by the action of thermal and/or mechanical stress and leading to the generation of new surfaces which do not completely separate 3.1.2 flaw inhomogeneity which, through stress concentration, can act as a strength defining feature NOTE The term flaw used in this sense does not imp

34、ly that the component is defective. 3.1.3 fracture process of propagation of a crack through a test-piece or component 3.1.4 fracture origin source from which failure commences 3.2 Terms classifying inherently volume-distributed fracture origins 3.2.1 agglomerate unintentional microstructural inhomo

35、geneity usually of altered density, for example a cluster of grains of abnormal size, particles, platelets or whiskers, resulting from non-uniformity in processing Licensed Copy: Wang Bin, ISO/EXCHANGE CHINA STANDARDS, 18/03/2010 01:34, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSIBS EN 843-6:2009EN 843-6:2009 (E) 5 3

36、2.2 compositional inhomogeneity local variations in chemical composition, usually manifest as agglomerates (3.2.1), or as areas denuded of or enriched in dispersed phases, or as changes in grain size 3.2.3 delamination generally planar crack within a material arising from the method of manufacture

37、3.2.4 inclusion discrete inhomogeneity, usually as a result of inorganic contamination by a foreign body not removed during firing 3.2.5 large grain grain which is of abnormally large size as a result of poor particle size control or accelerated grain growth, and which can act as a flaw (3.1.2) 3.2.

38、6 pore cavity or void within a material, which may be isolated or continuously interconnected with others 3.2.7 porous region zone of enhanced porosity, usually three-dimensional in nature and resulting from inhomogeneity or organic contamination in processing 3.2.8 porous seam zone of enhanced poro

39、sity, usually linear or planar in nature and resulting from inhomogeneity or organic contamination in processing 3.3 Terms classifying inherently surface-distributed fracture origins 3.3.1 chip small flake of material removed from a surface or an edge of an item or its fracture surface 3.3.2 handlin

40、g damage scratches, chips or other damage resulting from contact between items, test-pieces or fracture surfaces, not present normally 3.3.3 machining damage result of removal of small chips (see 3.3.1) or the formation of scratches at, or cracks near, the surface resulting from abrasive removal of

41、material 3.3.4 open pore void connected to the external surface, usually by virtue of machining 3.3.5 pit surface depression or surface connected shallow pore, usually resulting from manufacturing conditions or interaction with the external environment Licensed Copy: Wang Bin, ISO/EXCHANGE CHINA STA

42、NDARDS, 18/03/2010 01:34, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSIBS EN 843-6:2009EN 843-6:2009 (E) 6 3.4 Terms classifying features on fracture surfaces 3.4.1 fracture lines ridges or troughs running approximately parallel to the direction of propagation of a crack front, usually in the hackle (3.4.2) region NOT

43、E In some cases, particularly with materials with low fracture toughness, additional lines can be found on fracture surfaces resulting from interactions of the crack with free surfaces or other features, including so-called Wallner lines, arrest lines, wake hackle, etc. Definitions of such terms can

44、 be found in ASTM C1256 (see reference 1 in the Bibliography). 3.4.2 hackle region of rough fracture outside the mirror (3.4.3) and mist (3.4.4) regions, often with ridges or troughs emanating radially from the fracture origin (3.1.4) 3.4.3 mirror area of a fracture surface, usually approximately ci

45、rcular (or semicircular for near-edge fracture origins) and immediately surrounding a fracture origin (3.1.4), which is relatively flat and featureless compared with regions further removed from the fracture origin NOTE Not all materials or fractures show obvious fracture mirrors. They tend to be vi

46、sible most clearly in high-stress, accelerating fractures from small flaws. 3.4.4 mist halo around the outer region of the mirror (3.4.3) where the roughness is enhanced with a texture elongated in the direction of fracture NOTE The mist region is most clearly seen in glasses, glass-ceramics or cera

47、mics with very fine grain sizes which produce smooth surfaces on fracture. 4 Significance and use Fractography is recommended as a routine diagnostic aid to the interpretation of fracture tests on test-pieces or of failures in components. Observation of the macroscopic features of fragments, such as

48、 cracks and their relative disposition, chips and scratches, provides information about the likely directions of stressing. Observation of intermediate scale features on the fracture surface, such as the shape of hackle (3.4.2) and fracture lines (3.4.1) give indications of the approximate position

49、of the fracture origin (3.1.4). Microscopic observations give information on the nature of the fracture origin, and thus may provide evidence of the reasons for fracture. The accumulation of additional information about the conditions of fracture (stresses, forces, temperature, time under stress, likelihood of impact, etc.) is highly desirable for achieving justifiable conclusions. 5 Apparatus 5.1 Preparation and cleaning facilities 5.1.1 Cutting wheel, for large specimens. A diamond-bladed saw. NOTE This is needed to cut small samples for microscope ob