BS EN 12877-1-2000 Colouring materials in plastics - Determination of colour stability to heat during processing of colouring materials in plastics - General introduction《塑料中的染色材料 .pdf

1、| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | BRITISH STANDARD BS EN 12877-1:2000 The Eu

2、ropean Standard EN 12877-1:1999 has the status of a British Standard ICS 83.040.30 NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAW Colouring materials in plastics Determination of colour stability to heat during processing of colouring materials in plastics Part 1: General int

3、roductionThis British Standard, having been prepared under the direction of the Sector Committee for Materials and Chemicals, was published under the authority of the Standards Committee and comes into effect on 15 January 2000 BSI 01-2000 ISBN 0 580 35860 7 BS EN 12877-1:2000 Amendments issued sinc

4、e publication Amd. No. Date Comments National foreword This British Standard is the English language version of EN 12877-1:1999. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee STI/1, Pigments, which has the responsibility to: aid enquirers to understand the text; presen

5、t to the responsible European committee any enquiries on the interpretation, or proposals for change, and keep the UK interests informed; monitor related international and European developments and promulgate them in the UK. A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on re

6、quest to its secretary. Cross-references The British Standards which implement international or European publications referred to in this document may be found in the BSI Standards Catalogue under the section entitled “International Standards Correspondence Index”, or by using the “Find” facility of

7、 the BSI Standards Electronic Catalogue. A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations.

8、Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, the EN title page, pages 2 to 9 and a back cover. The BSI copyright notice displayed in this document indicates when the document was last issued.(8523($167$1$5 1250(8523e(11( (8523b,6&+(1250 (1 2FWREHU ,&6 (QJOLVKYHUVLRQ

9、 &RORXULQJPDWHULDOVLQSODVWLFVHWHUPLQDWLRQRIFRORXUVWDELOLW WRKHDWGXULQJSURFHVVLQJRIFRORXULQJPDWHULDOVLQSODVWLFV 3DUW*HQHUDOLQWURGXFWLRQ 0DWLqUHVFRORUDQWHVGDQVOHVSODVWLTXHVpWHUPLQDWLRQGH ODVWDELOLWpGHODFRXOHXUjODFKDOHXUDXFRXUVGHODPLVHHQ RHXYUHGHVPDWLqUHVFRORUDQWHVGDQVOHVSODVWLTXHV 3DUWLH*pQpUDOLWpV )D

10、UEPLWWHOLQ.XQVWVWRIIHQ%HVWLPPXQJGHU%HVWlQGLJNHLW GHU)DUEHJHJHQ+LWHEHLP9HUDUEHLWHQYRQ)DUEPLWWHOQLQ .XQVWVWRIIHQ7HLO$OOJHPHLQH(LQOHLWXQJ 7KLV(XURSHDQ6WDQGDUGZDVDSSURYHGE&(1RQ6HSWHPEHU &(1PHPEHUVDUHERXQGWRFRPSOZLWKWKH&(1&(1(/(&,QWHUQDO5HJXODWLRQVZKLFKVWLSXODWHWKHFRQGLWLRQVIRUJLYLQJWKLV(XURSH DQ 6WDQGDU

11、GWKHVWDWXVRIDQDWLRQDOVWDQGDUGZLWKRXWDQDOWHUDWLRQ8SWRGDWHOLVWVDQGELEOLRJUDSKLFDOUHIHUHQFHVFRQFHUQLQJV XFKQDWLRQDO VWDQGDUGVPDEHREWDLQHGRQDSSOLFDWLRQWRWKH&HQWUDO6HFUHWDULDWRUWRDQ&(1PHPEHU 7KLV(XURSHDQ6WDQGDUGHLVWVLQWKUHHRIILFLDOYHUVLRQV(QJOLVK)UHQFK*HUPDQ$YHUVLRQLQDQRWKHUODQJXDJHPDGHEWUD QVODWLRQ XQGH

12、UWKHUHVSRQVLELOLWRID&(1PHPEHULQWRLWVRZQODQJXDJHDQGQRWLILHGWRWKH&HQWUDO6HFUHWDULDWKDVWKHVDPHVWDWXVDVW KHRIILFLDO YHUVLRQV &(1PHPEHUVDUHWKHQDWLRQDOVWDQGDUGVERGLHVRI$XVWULD%HOJLXP&HFK5HSXEOLFHQPDUN)LQODQG)UDQFH*HUPDQ*UHHFH ,FHODQG,UHODQG,WDO/XHPERXUJ1HWKHUODQGV1RUZD3RUWXJDO6SDLQ6ZHGHQ6ZLWHUODQGDQG8QLWH

13、G.LQJGRP (8523($1 &200,77( )25 67$1$5,=$7,21 &20,7e(8523e(1(1250$/,6$7,21 (8523b,6&+(6.20,7()h5125081* &HQWUDO6HFUHWDULDWUXHGH6WDVVDUW%UXVVHOV &(1 $OOULJKWVRIHSORLWDWLRQLQDQIRUPDQGEDQPHDQVUHVHUYHG ZRUOGZLGHIRU&(1QDWLRQDO0HPEHUV 5HI1R(1(3DJH (1 %6, )RUHZRUG 7KLV(XURSHDQ6WDQGDUGKDVEHHQSUHSDUHGE7HFKQLF

14、DO&RPPLWWHH&(17&3LJPHQWVDQGHWHQGHUVWKH 6HFUHWDULDWRIZKLFKLVKHOGE,1 7KLV(XURSHDQ6WDQGDUGVKDOOEHJLYHQWKHVWDWXVRIDQDWLRQDOVWDQGDUGHLWKHUESXEOLFDWLRQRIDQLGHQWLFDOWHWRU EHQGRUVHPHQWDWWKHODWHVWE$SULODQGFRQIOLFWLQJQDWLRQDOVWDQGDUGVVKDOOEHZLWKGUDZQDWWKHODWHVWE $SULO $QQH$LQIRUPDWLYHGHVFULEHVDJHQHUDOPHWKRGIR

15、USUHSDULQJWHVWVSHFLPHQVKDYLQJVWDQGDUGGHSWKRIVKDGH DQGDQQH%LQIRUPDWLYHFRPSULVHVWDEOHVOLVWLQJWKHFRHIILFLHQWVUHTXLUHGLQWKHFDOFXODWLRQV $FFRUGLQJWRWKH&(1&(1(/(&,QWHUQDO5HJXODWLRQVWKHQDWLRQDOVWDQGDUGVRUJDQLDWLRQV RI WKHIROORZLQJ FRXQWULHVDUHERXQGWRLPSOHPHQWWKLV(XURSHDQ6WDQGDUG$XVWULD%HOJLXP&HFK5HSXEOLFHQ

16、PDUN)LQODQG )UDQFH*HUPDQ*UHHFH,FHODQG,UHODQG,WDO/XHPERXUJ1HWKHUODQGV1RUZD3RUWXJDO6SDLQ6ZHGHQ 6ZLWHUODQGDQGWKH8QLWHG.LQJGRP ,QWURGXFWLRQ 7KLVLVRQHRIDQXPEHURISDUWVRI(1GHDOLQJZLWKPHWKRGVIRUGHWHUPLQLQJWKHFRORXUVWDELOLWRIFRORXULQJ PDWHULDOVXQGHUWKHLQIOXHQFHRIWKHWKHUPDOVWUHVVHQFRXQWHUHGGXULQJSODVWLFVSURFH

17、VVLQJ,QWKLVFRQWHWWKH FRPPRQHSUHVVLRQVKHDWVWDELOLWDQGKHDWUHVLVWDQFHDUHZLGHOXVHG &RORXUFKDQJHVPDRFFXUGXULQJSURFHVVLQJQRWRQOEHFDXVHRIWKHUPDOGHJUDGDWLRQRIFRORXULQJPDWHULDOVDQG RISODVWLFVEXWDOVRDVDUHVXOWRIRWKHUFKDQJHVWRWKHPHJVROXELOLWLQWKHSROPHUFKDQJHVLQGLVSHUVLRQOHYHO UHFUVWDOOLDWLRQRUFUVWDOPRGLILFDWLRQ

18、DQGIURPRWKHUFRPSOHLQWHUDFWLRQVZLWKWKHSROPHULWVHOIRURWKHU DGGLWLYHVSUHVHQW &RORXUVWDELOLWGXULQJSURFHVVLQJLVRQHRIWKHPRVWLPSRUWDQWSHUIRUPDQFHFULWHULDUHTXLUHGEWKHSURFHVVRURI FRORXUHGSODVWLFVPDWHULDOV+RZHYHUDEVROXWHYDOXHVIRUFRORXUVWDELOLWRIFRORXULQJPDWHULDOVGXULQJSURFHVVLQJ FDQQRWEHHVWDEOLVKHG 7KHWHVWPHW

19、KRGVGHVFULEHGLQ(1DOORZDSSURSULDWHSURFHGXUHVFRQGLWLRQVDQGGHWHUPLQDWLRQFULWHULDWREH DJUHHG XSRQ DFFRUGLQJ WR WKH SODVWLFV PDWHULDO WR EH FRORXUHG DQG WKH SURFHVVLQJ PHWKRG 7KH UHVXOWLQJ FRPSDUDWLYHGDWDLVXVHIXOLQFRORXULQJPDWHULDOVHOHFWLRQDQGDOVRLQGHWHUPLQLQJWKHLUSURFHVVLQJVWDELOLWLQWKH HQGXVHSROPHUXQGH

20、USUDFWLFDOSURFHVVLQJFRQGLWLRQV 7KHWHUPFRORXULQJPDWHULDODVXVHGKHUHLQFOXGHVVLQJOHSLJPHQWVGHVWXIIVDQGHWHQGHUVDVZHOODVSURGXFWV SURGXFHGIURPWKHPVXFKDVPDVWHUEDWFKHVFRORXUSDVWHVSLJPHQWEOHQGVDQGRWKHUSLJPHQWSUHSDUDWLRQV GHVLJQHGIRUXVHLQSODVWLFVPDWHULDOV 6FRSH 7KLVSDUWRI(1JLYHVDJHQHUDOLQWURGXFWLRQWRWKHPRVWZLG

21、HOXVHGPHWKRGVIRUGHWHUPLQDWLRQRIFRORXU VWDELOLWGXULQJSURFHVVLQJRIFRORXULQJPDWHULDOVLQSODVWLFVXQGHUWKHLQIOXHQFHRIKHDW ,WDOVRVSHFLILHVWKRVHGHWDLOVZKLFKDUHFRPPRQWRWKHYDULRXVWHVWPHWKRGVGHVFULEHGLQVXEVHTXHQWSDUWVRI (17KHFKRLFHRIWKHWHVWPHWKRGGHSHQGVRQWKHSODVWLFVPDWHULDOWREHFRORXUHGWKHPHWKRGRI SURFHVVLQJDQG

22、WKHHQGXVHUHTXLUHPHQWV 1RUPDWLYHUHIHUHQFHV 7KLV(XURSHDQ6WDQGDUGLQFRUSRUDWHVEGDWHGRUXQGDWHGUHIHUHQFHSURYLVLRQVIURPRWKHUSXEOLFDWLRQV7KHVH QRUPDWLYHUHIHUHQFHVDUHFLWHGDWWKHDSSURSULDWHSODFHVLQWKHWHWDQGWKHSXEOLFDWLRQVDUHOLVWHGKHUHDIWHU)RU GDWHGUHIHUHQFHVVXEVHTXHQWDPHQGPHQWVWRRUUHYLVLRQVRIDQRIWKHVHSXEOLFDWL

23、RQVDSSOWRWKLV(XURSHDQ 6WDQGDUGRQOZKHQLQFRUSRUDWHGLQLWEDPHQGPHQWRUUHYLVLRQ)RUXQGDWHGUHIHUHQFHVWKHODWHVWHGLWLRQRIWKH SXEOLFDWLRQUHIHUUHGWRDSSOLHV (1 &RORXULQJ PDWHULDOV LQ SODVWLFV HWHUPLQDWLRQ RI FRORXU VWDELOLW WR KHDW GXULQJ SURFHVVLQJ RI FRORXULQJ PDWHULDOV LQ SODVWLFV 3DUW HWHUPLQDWLRQ E LQMHFWLR

24、Q PRXOGLQJ (1 &RORXULQJ PDWHULDOV LQ SODVWLFV HWHUPLQDWLRQ RI FRORXU VWDELOLW WR KHDW GXULQJ SURFHVVLQJRIFRORXULQJPDWHULDOVLQSODVWLFV3DUWHWHUPLQDWLRQERYHQWHVW3DJH (1 %6, (1 &RORXULQJ PDWHULDOV LQ SODVWLFV HWHUPLQDWLRQ RI FRORXU VWDELOLW WR KHDW GXULQJ SURFHVVLQJRIFRORXULQJPDWHULDOVLQSODVWLFV3DUWHWHU

25、PLQDWLRQEWZRUROOPLOOLQJ (1$ 7HWLOHV7HVWVIRUFRORXUIDVWQHVV3DUW$*UHVFDOHIRUDVVHVVLQJFKDQJHLQFRORXU ,62$ ,62 5DZPDWHULDOVIRUSDLQWVDQGYDUQLVKHV6DPSOLQJ ,62 3DLQWVDQGYDUQLVKHV&RORULPHWU3DUW&RORXUPHDVXUHPHQW ,62 3DLQWVDQGYDUQLVKHV&RORULPHWU3DUW&DOFXODWLRQRIFRORXUGLIIHUHQFHV 7HUPVDQGGHILQLWLRQV )RUWKHSXUSR

26、VHVRIWKLVVWDQGDUGWKHIROORZLQJGHILQLWLRQVDSSO FRORXUVWDELOLW WKHUHVLVWDQFHWRFRORXUFKDQJHRIDVWDQGDUGLHGWHVWPDWHULDOSUHSDUHGIURPWKHFRORXULQJ PDWHULDOWREHWHVWHGDQGDSODVWLFVPDWHULDOZKHQVXEMHFWHGWRKHDWXQGHUGHILQHGWHVWFRQGLWLRQV 127()RUWKHFRORXUVWDELOLWXQGHUWKHLQIOXHQFHRIKHDWWKHHSUHVVLRQVKHDWVWDELOLWDQGKHD

27、W UHVLVWDQFHDUHZLGHOXVHG 127($FKDQJHRISURSHUWLHVRIWKHWHVWVSHFLPHQVRWKHUWKDQFRORXUXQGHUWKHHIIHFWRIKHDWLVQRWWDNHQ LQWRDFFRXQWLQWKLV(XURSHDQ6WDQGDUG $SSDUDWXV 7HVWDSSDUDWXVLQFOXGHVDVFUHZLQMHFWLRQPRXOGLQJPDFKLQHZLWKVFUHZUDP(1DGULQJRYHQZLWK IRUFHGDLUYHQWLODWLRQ(1DQGDODERUDWRUWZRUROOPLOO(1 6DPSOLQJ 5HSUHV

28、HQWDWLYHVDPSOHVRIWKHFRORXULQJPDWHULDOVWREHWHVWHGVKDOOEHWDNHQDVGHVFULEHGLQ,62 7HVWVSHFLPHQV 7KHFRORXULQJPDWHULDOVKDOOEHWHVWHGLQUHGXFHGVKDGH DQGRULQIXOOVKDGH )RUWHVWLQJ LQUHGXFHGVKDGH RIWLWDQLXPGLRLGHSLJPHQWVKDOOEHDGGHGWRWKHSODVWLFVPDWHULDOXQOHVV RWKHUZLVHVSHFLILHGRUDJUHHG7KHFRQFHQWUDWLRQRIWKHFRORXULQ

29、JPDWHULDOVKDOOFRUUHVSRQGWR DVWDQGDUGGHSWKRIVKDGH6VHHDQQH$RU EVWDQGDUGGHSWKRIVKDGH6VHHDQQH$RU FDQDJUHHGUHGXFWLRQUDWLRRIFRORXULQJPDWHULDOWRWLWDQLXPGLRLGH )RUDWHVWVSHFLPHQRIPPWKLFNQHVVWLWDQLXPGLRLGHSLJPHQWLVQHFHVVDUWRREWDLQIXOOKLGLQJ )RUWHVWLQJ LQIXOOVKDGH WKHFRQFHQWUDWLRQRIWKHFRORXULQJPDWHULDOLQWKHWHV

30、WPHGLXPVKDOOFRUUHVSRQGWR D$OWHUQDWLYHODFRQFHQWUDWLRQRISUHIHUUHGIRURUJDQLFSLJPHQWVDQGGHVWXIIVRUSUHIHUUHGIRU LQRUJDQLFSLJPHQWVRUDQRWKHUDJUHHGDSSURSULDWHFRQFHQWUDWLRQVKDOOEHWDNHQ 7KHSUHSDUDWLRQRIWHVWVSHFLPHQVIRUWKHSDUWLFXODUWHVWPHWKRGVIRUKHDWVWDELOLWLVGHVFULEHGLQ(1 (1DQG(1UHVSHFWLYHO3DJH (1 %6, 3URFHGX

31、UH HWHUPLQDWLRQELQMHFWLRQPRXOGLQJ 7HVWVSHFLPHQVDUHREWDLQHGELQMHFWLRQPRXOGLQJRIWKHFRORXUHGSODVWLFVPDWHULDO$VSHFLPHQSUHSDUHGDWDORZ SURFHVVLQJ WHPSHUDWXUH DW WKH XVXDO GZHOO WLPH LV XVHG DV WKH UHIHUHQFH VSHFLPHQ 7KHQ WKH SURFHVVLQJ WHPSHUDWXUHLVLQFUHDVHGLQLQWHUYDOV$WWKHKLJKHUSURFHVVLQJWHPSHUDWXUHVWKHG

32、ZHOOWLPHLVSURORQJHG)RU GHWDLOVVHH(1 7KHFRORXUSURSHUWLHVRIWKHSUHSDUHGWHVWVSHFLPHQVDUHDVVHVVHGLQDFFRUGDQFHZLWK HWHUPLQDWLRQERYHQWHVW 7HVWVSHFLPHQVDUHVXEMHFWHGWRVSHFLILHGRUDJUHHGWHVWWHPSHUDWXUHVGXULQJVSHFLILHGRUDJUHHGWHVWSHULRGV$ VSHFLPHQZKLFKLVNHSWDWURRPWHPSHUDWXUHLVXVHGDVWKHUHIHUHQFHVSHFLPHQ)RUGHWDLO

33、VVHH(1 7KHFRORXUSURSHUWLHVRIWKHSUHSDUHGWHVWVSHFLPHQVDUHDVVHVVHGLQDFFRUGDQFHZLWK HWHUPLQDWLRQEWZRUROOPLOOLQJ 7KHFRORXUHGWHVWPLWXUHLVPLOOHGDWDVSHFLILHGRUDJUHHGUROOVXUIDFHWHPSHUDWXUHGXULQJVSHFLILHGRUDJUHHGWHVW SHULRGV$IWHUWKHVSHFLILHGRUDJUHHGWHVWSHULRGVWHVWSRUWLRQVDUHWDNHQIURPWKHPLOOHGVKHHWIURPZKLFK VS

34、HFLPHQVVXLWDEOHIRUFRORXUPHDVXUHPHQWDUHSUHSDUHG$VSHFLPHQREWDLQHGIURPWKHWHVWPLWXUHDIWHU WUHDWPHQWXQGHUWKHXVXDOSURFHVVLQJFRQGLWLRQVLVWDNHQDVWKHUHIHUHQFHVSHFLPHQ)RUGHWDLOVVHH(1 7KHFRORXUSURSHUWLHVRIWKHSUHSDUHGWHVWVSHFLPHQVDUHDVVHVVHGLQDFFRUGDQFHZLWK (YDOXDWLRQRIFRORXUGLIIHUHQFH 7KHUHVXOWLQJFRORXUGLIIHUH

35、QFHVVKDOOEHHLWKHUGHWHUPLQHGLQDFFRUGDQFHZLWK,62DQG,62RU DVVHVVHGXVLQJWKHJUHVFDOHVSHFLILHGLQ(1$7KHFRORXUSURSHUWLHVRIWKHXQFRORXUHGSODVWLFV PDWHULDOGHWHUPLQHGEXVLQJWKHVDPHSURFHGXUHZLWKDQGZLWKRXWDGGLQJWLWDQLXPGLRLGHSLJPHQWPDEHWDNHQ LQWRDFFRXQW (SUHVVLRQRIUHVXOWVDQGWHVWUHSRUW 6HH(1(1DQG(1UHVSHFWLYHO 3UHFL

36、VLRQ 6WDWLVWLFDOGDWDFDQQRWEHHVWDEOLVKHGIRUWKHSUHFLVLRQRIWKHPHWKRGVLQ3DUWVWR&RPPHQWVZKHUH DSSURSULDWHDUHJLYHQIRUHDFKPHWKRG3DJH (1 %6, $QQH$ LQIRUPDWLYH 3UHSDUDWLRQRIWHVWVSHFLPHQVKDYLQJVWDQGDUGGHSWKVRIVKDGH $6FRSH 7KHIDVWQHVVRIFRORXUDWLRQVGHSHQGVRQWKHLUGHSWKRIVKDGH,WLVWKHUHIRUHDGYDQWDJHRXVWRFDUURXWWHV

37、WVIRU IDVWQHVVSURSHUWLHVRIFRORXULQJPDWHULDOVDQGVVWHPVFRQWDLQLQJFRORXULQJPDWHULDOVDWGHILQHGGHSWKRIVKDGH,Q WKLVDQQHWKHDQGVWDQGDUGGHSWKVRIVKDGHDUHGHILQHGEDIRUPXOD,QDGGLWLRQWKHDQQHJLYHV LQIRUPDWLRQDVWRKRZWKHGHSWKRIVKDGHFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIFRORXUHGVSHFLPHQVDUHWREHGHWHUPLQHGDQGKRZWKH FRQFHQWUDWLRQRIWKHFRORXU

38、LQJPDWHULDOLQDVSHFLPHQKDVWREHFKDQJHGVRWKDWWKHUHTXLUHGVWDQGDUGGHSWKRI VKDGHLVREWDLQHG $HILQLWLRQV )RUWKHSXUSRVHVRIWKLVDQQHWKHIROORZLQJGHILQLWLRQVDSSO $GHSWKRIVKDGH DPHDVXUHIRUWKHLQWHQVLWRIDFRORXUSHUFHSWLRQWKDWLQFUHDVHVZLWKLQFUHDVLQJVDWXUDWLRQ DQGJHQHUDOOGHFUHDVHVZLWKLQFUHDVLQJOLJKWQHVV 127( &RORXUDWL

39、RQV KDYLQJ WKH VDPH GHSWK RI VKDGH DSSHDU WR EH SUHSDUHG E XVLQJ WKH VDPH FRQFHQWUDWLRQVRIFRORXULQJPDWHULDOVKDYLQJWKHVDPHWLQWLQJVWUHQJWK,QWKLVDQQHWKHUHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQGHSWKRIVKDGHDQGVDWXUDWLRQDQGUHVSHFWLYHOOLJKWQHVVLVGHILQHGFRORULPHWULFDOO $VWDQGDUGGHSWKVRIVKDGH6 GHSWKRIVKDGHOHYHOVODLGGRZQEFRQYHQW

40、LRQ 127(7KHGHSWKRIVKDGHOHYHOVDQGKDYHEHHQGHULYHGIURPWKHGHSWKRIVKDGHOHYHOVXVHGLQ WKHWHWLOHVILHOG $6WDQGDUGGHSWKVRIVKDGH 7KHGHSWKVRIVKDGHFKDUDFWHULVWLFV % DQG % IRUDQG6DUHJLYHQEWKHIROORZLQJHTXDWLRQVDQG UHVSHFWLYHO ZKHUH V LVWKHPHDVXUHIRUWKHVDWXUDWLRQ,WLVWKHOLQHDUGLVWDQFHEHWZHHQWKHFKURPDWLFLWFRRUGLQDWHV RIWKH VSHFLPHQDQGWKHDFKURPDWLFSRLQWLQWKHFKURPDWLFLWGLDJUDPEDVLFVWLPXOXV(VWDQGDUGLOOXPLQDQW VWDQGDUGFRORULPHWULFREVHUYHURUUHVSHFWLYHOVWDQGDUGLOOXPLQDQW& VWDQGDUGFRORULPHWULFREVHUYHU PXOWLSOLHGELH + - f VD % (1) + - f VD % (2) V - - (3)3DJH (1