1、BRITISH STANDARDBS EN13738:2004IncorporatingCorrigendum No. 1 Geotextiles and geotextile-relatedproducts Determination of pullout resistance in soilThe European Standard EN 13738:2004 has the status of a British StandardICS 59.080.70; 91.100.50g49g50g3g38g50g51g60g44g49g42g3g58g44g55g43g50g56g55g3g3
2、7g54g44g3g51g40g53g48g44g54g54g44g50g49g3g40g59g38g40g51g55g3g36g54g3g51g40g53g48g44g55g55g40g39g3g37g60g3g38g50g51g60g53g44g42g43g55g3g47g36g58BS EN 13738:2004This British Standard waspublished under the authorityof the Standards Policy andStrategy Committee on15 December 2004 BSI August 2006ISBN 0
3、 580 45098 8National forewordThis British Standard is the official English language version ofEN 13738:2004. It supersedes BS 6906-8:1991 which is withdrawn.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical CommitteeB/553, Geosynthetics, which has the responsibility to:A list of org
4、anizations represented on this committee can be obtained onrequest to its secretary.Cross-referencesThe British Standards which implement international or Europeanpublications referred to in this document may be found in the BSI Catalogueunder the section entitled “International Standards Correspond
5、ence Index”, or by using the “Search” facility of the BSI Electronic Catalogue or of BritishStandards Online.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of acontract. Users are responsible for its correct application.Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself
6、 confer immunityfrom legal obligations. aid enquirers to understand the text; present to the responsible international/European committee any enquiries on the interpretation, or proposals for change, and keep theUK interests informed; monitor related international and European developments andpromul
7、gate them in the UK.Summary of pagesThis document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, the EN title page, pages 2 to 14, an inside back cover and a back cover.The BSI copyright notice displayed in this document indicates when thedocument was last issued.Amendments issued since publication
8、Amd. No.16430 August 2006 Addition of supersession detailsCorrigendum No. 1Date CommentsEUROPEAN STANDARDNORME EUROPENNEEUROPISCHE NORMEN 13738November 2004ICS 59.080.70; 91.100.50English versionGeotextiles and geotextile-related products - Determination ofpullout resistance in soilGotextiles et pro
9、duits apparents aux gotextiles -Dtermination de la rsistance larrachement du solGeotextilien und geotextilverwandte Produkte -Bestimmung des Herausziehwiderstandes aus dem BodenThis European Standard was approved by CEN on 10 September 2004.CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Intern
10、al Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this EuropeanStandard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such nationalstandards may be obtained on application to the Central Secretariat or to any CEN member.Th
11、is European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translationunder the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Central Secretariat has the same status as the officialversions.CEN members are the
12、national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France,Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia,Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.EU
13、ROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATIONCOMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATIONEUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNGManagement Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels 2004 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reservedworldwide for CEN national Members.Ref. No. EN 13738:2004: EEN 13738:2004 (E
14、) 2ContentsPage Foreword3 1 Scope4 2 Normative references4 3 Terms and definitions .4 3.1 pullout force .4 3.2 pullout resistance.4 3.3 peak pullout resistance4 3.4 wire gauge .4 3.5 normal stress (n) 4 4 Principle .4 5 Test Specimens .5 5.1 Sampling .5 5.2 Number and dimensions of test specimens5 5
15、.3 Conditioning 5 6 Apparatus.5 6.1 Pullout box.5 6.2 Normal stress loading device7 6.3 Pullout force loading device 7 6.4 Displacement indicators 7 6.5 Specimen clamping devices8 6.6 Soil preparation equipment .8 6.7 Miscellaneous equipment8 6.8 Calibration of the apparatus9 7 Procedure.9 7.1 Placi
16、ng and compaction of the soil .9 7.2 Placement of specimen.9 7.3 Placing and compaction of the upper layer.9 7.4 Application of the normal compressive stress.9 7.5 Testing.9 8 Calculations .10 9 Report .12 Annex A (informative) Pullout tests using a constant stress loading method. 13 Bibliography 14
17、 EN 13738:2004 (E) 3Foreword This document (EN 13738:2004) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 189, “Geosynthetics”, the secretariat of which is held by IBN. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsem
18、ent, at the latest by May 2005, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by May 2005. This document includes a Bibliography. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this Europ
19、ean Standard: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. EN 13738:2004
20、(E) 41 Scope This document specifies a method for determining the resistance of geotextiles and geotextile-related products to pullout from soil using a laboratory pullout box. The goal of the procedure is to provide data relating to the development of friction on materials used primarily for soil r
21、einforcement. The test method described is a performance test procedure to determine the fitness for use of geotextiles and geotextile-related products intended to be used in a given application. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this
22、document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN 963, Geotextiles and geotextile-related products - Sampling and preparation of test specimensprEN ISO 10318:2000, Geosynthetics
23、 - Geotextiles, geotextile-related products, geomembranes and geosynthetic clay liners - Terms and their definitions (ISO/DIS 10318:2000) ISO 554, Standard atmospheres for conditioning and/or testing - Specifications3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions
24、 given in prEN ISO 10318:2000 and the following apply. 3.1pullout force force required to pull a geotextile or a geotextile-related product out of the soil during a pullout test 3.2pullout resistance pullout force per width of geotextile or geotextile-related product measured at a specified rate of
25、displacement 3.3peak pullout resistance maximum pullout resistance measured during a pullout test 3.4wire gauge displacement gauge consisting of an inextensible wire attached to the geotextile or geotextile-related product and monitored by connection to a dial extensometer, or electronic displacemen
26、t transducer 3.5normal stress (n)vertical stress applied to the specimen 4 Principle A horizontal force is applied to a specimen embedded between two layers of soil and the force required to pull the specimen out of the soil is recorded. The pullout resistance is calculated by dividing the pullout f
27、orce by the specimen width. The test can be performed while applying vertical stress to the top soil layer. EN 13738:2004 (E) 5A plot of maximum pullout resistance versus applied normal stress is obtained by conducting a series of such tests. NOTE 1 The relationship between the pullout resistance an
28、d the normal stress obtained from the test is due in part to the pullout mechanism which occurs. The pullout resistance versus normal stress plot produced using data from this test is a function of soil grading, plasticity, as-placed density, moisture content, length and surface characteristics of t
29、he specimen andother test parameters. Therefore, results are expressed in terms of the actual test conditions. The test measures the net effectof a combination of pullout mechanisms which may vary depending on type of specimen, embedment length, relative opening size, soil type, rate of displacement
30、 and normal stress. NOTE 2 For checking the type of failure (break of reinforcement or slippage) in a site specific soil, smaller boxes, e.g. a shearbox (300 mm x 300 mm) according to prEN ISO 129571, may be used with a specimen width similar to the one defined in EN ISO 10319. 5 Test Specimens 5.1
31、Sampling Take specimens in accordance with EN 963. 5.2 Number and dimensions of test specimens Cut three specimens from the test sample, for each direction to be tested, the size of the specimens to suit the dimensions of the apparatus being used. The embedded length shall be equal to three times th
32、e width of the specimen. The specimens shall be narrower, by not less than 100 mm, than the inside width of the pullout box on each side and of sufficient length to facilitate clamping. 5.3 Conditioning Condition the test specimens and conduct the tests in the standard test atmosphere, defined in IS
33、O 554. The test specimens are considered to have been conditioned when the change in mass between two successive readings made at intervals of not less than two hours does not exceed 0,25% of the mass of the test specimens. The test shall be performed in the same atmosphere. NOTE Conditioning and/or
34、 testing at a specified relative humidity may be omitted if it can be shown that the results are not affected by this omission. 6 Apparatus 6.1 Pullout box An open rigid box consisting of two smooth parallel sides, a back wall, a horizontal split removable door and a bottom plate. The door is at the
35、 front of the apparatus as defined by the direction of applied pullout force. A typical apparatus is shown in Figure 1. EN 13738:2004 (E) 6Key 1 Pullout device 2 Grip 3 Load cell 4 Air bag 5 Soil 6 Specimen Figure 1 Pullout box A standard box should be rectangular with minimum dimensions of 1,5 m lo
36、ng by 0,6 m wide and 0,3 m deep. Depth shall be increased to six times the maximum particle size of the soil if necessary. The apparatus shall allow the placing of the normal stress control device and a minimum loaded specimen length to width ratio of not less than three. The apparatus shall be fitt
37、ed with devices to ensure a constant normal stress on all surfaces of the specimen during the test. NOTE During the test, the displacement of the specimen may create a load on the rigid front wall. This loading can also produce anomalous results as stress fields cannot develop fully. Vertical stress
38、 may also increase due to front wall friction andarching. A fixed metal sleeve fitted at the entrance of the box with a minimum length of 200 mm should be used for minimise these phenomena (Figure 2). EN 13738:2004 (E) 7Key 1 Grip 2 Sleeve device Figure 2 Normal stress control devices 6.2 Normal str
39、ess loading device The normal stress, applied to the upper layer of soil, shall be constant and uniform for the duration of the test. To maintain a uniform normal stress, a flexible pneumatic or hydraulic diaphragm loading device over the entire pullout box area should be used. Normal stresses appli
40、ed will depend on testing requirements; however, stresses up to 200 kPa should be anticipated in the design of the apparatus. The applied normal stress shall be measured to a precision of 2 % of the applied stress. 6.3 Pullout force loading device The pullout force shall be supplied by a device with
41、 the ability to pull the specimen horizontally out of the apparatus. The line of the force shall be coincident with the plane of the specimen. The pullout system shall be able to apply the pullout force at a constant rate of displacement. The rate of displacement shall be such that excess pore press
42、ures are not developed in the soil. When using free draining soils, where excess pore pressures will not be generated, the pullout force shall be applied to give a rate of displacement of (2,0 + 0,2) mm/min and the rate of pullout shall be recorded during the test. A device to measure the pullout fo
43、rce, a load cell or proving ring, shall be incorporated into the system. The pullout force shall be measured to a precision of 2 % of the applied force. 6.4 Displacement indicators Horizontal displacement of the specimen is measured at the clamp/geotextile position and if required at other positions
44、 on the embedded portion of the specimen. Measurements in front of the specimen are made using a dial extensometer or electronic displacement transducers, e.g. linear variable differential transformers (LVDTs), mounted to the apparatus frame to read against a plate attached to the specimen near the
45、beginning of the embedded specimen (left side of section 1 in Figure 3 ) To determine the displacement of the specimen at other positions a minimum of five gauges are spaced along the embedded portion of the specimen. A typical instrumentation setup is shown in Figure 3. Displacement measurements wi
46、thin the box may be made using any one of several methods using sensors or gauge connectors directly on the specimen. The movements are monitored and recorded remotely. For example: one such system utilises wire gauges, which are protected from normal stress by a surrounding tube which runs from a l
47、ocation EN 13738:2004 (E) 8mounted on the specimen to the outside of the box, where displacements are measured by a dial indicator or electronic displacement transducer. All dial gauges or electronic measurement devices shall be accurate to 0,05 mm. Locations of the devices shall be accurately deter
48、mined and recorded. Minimum extension capabilities of 100 mm are recommended. Key 1 Sleeve 2 Displacement gauges I to IV = sections I to IV Figure 3 Plan view and typical gauge placements 6.5 Specimen clamping devices Clamps which connect the specimen to the pullout system without slipping shall be
49、used, not causing clamp breaks or weakening the material. The clamps shall be swivel-jointed to allow the pullout forces to be distributed evenly throughout the width of the specimen. The clamps shall allow the specimen to remain horizontal during loading and not interfere with the pullout/shear surface. A suitable grip should be used (see Figure 1). 6.6 Soil preparation equipment Use equipment as necessary for the placement of soils at desired conditions. This may include compaction devices such as vibratory or “jumping-jack“ type compaction, or hand compactio
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