1、raising standards worldwideNO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWBSI Standards PublicationBS EN 15413:2011Solid recovered fuels Methods for the preparationof the test sample from thelaboratory sampleBS EN 15413:2011 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standa
2、rd is the UK implementation of EN 15413:2011. Itsupersedes DD CEN/TS 15413:2006 which is withdrawn.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee PTI/17, Solid biofuels.A list of organizations represented on this committee can beobtained on request to its secretary.This
3、publication does not purport to include all the necessaryprovisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correctapplication. BSI 2011ISBN 978 0 580 69795 1ICS 75.160.10Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligations.This British Standard was published under th
4、e authority of theStandards Policy and Strategy Committee on 30 September 2011.Amendments issued since publicationDate Text affectedBS EN 15413:2011EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM EN 15413 September 2011 ICS 75.160.10 Supersedes CEN/TS 15413:2006English Version Solid recovered fuel
5、s - Methods for the preparation of the test sample from the laboratory sample Combustibles solides de rcupration - Mthodes pour la prparation dchantillons pour essai partir dchantillons pour laboratoire Feste Sekundrbrennstoffe - Verfahren zur Herstellung der Versuchprobe aus der Laboratoriumsprobe
6、This European Standard was approved by CEN on 15 July 2011. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical refere
7、nces concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN
8、member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Icel
9、and, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG Management Centre: Avenue
10、 Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2011 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 15413:2011: EBS EN 15413:2011EN 15413:2011 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword 3Introduction .41 Scope 52 Normative references 53 Terms and definitions .54 S
11、afety remarks .65 Principle 66 Apparatus .67 Interferences and sources of error 68 Procedure .78.1 Sample conservation and pre-treatment .78.2 Key concepts 78.3 Sequence of treatment techniques 89 Quality control . 1010 Performance characteristics . 1011 Test report . 10Annex A (normative) Guideline
12、 for choosing sample treatment techniques. 11A.1 General . 11A.2 Homogenisation 11A.3 Fraction separation. 12A.4 Drying . 13A.5 Particle size reduction 15A.6 Sub-sampling 17Annex B (informative) Relationship between minimum amount of sample and particle size - Equation for the estimation of the mini
13、mum amount of sample 19Annex C (informative) Sample treatment equipment 22Annex D (normative) Guidelines - Characteristics of the laboratory sample for chemical analysis of SRF . 23Annex E (informative) Results of ruggedness testing 25E.1 Abstract . 25E.2 Preparation of samples and application of st
14、atistical formula 25E.3 Evaluation of influence of particle size reduction systems . 28E.4 Conclusions 34Bibliography . 36BS EN 15413:2011EN 15413:2011 (E) 3 Foreword This document (EN 15413:2011) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 343 “Solid Recovered Fuels”, the secretariat of which i
15、s held by SFS. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by March 2012, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by March 2012. Attention is drawn to the possibility
16、that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. This document supersedes CEN/TS 15413:2006. This document differs from CEN/TS 15413:2006 as follows: a) only the dissolution
17、 methods that have passed the validity test have been considered. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Es
18、tonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. BS EN 15413:2011EN 15413:2011 (E) 4 Introduction In laboratory praxi
19、s, different analytical procedures often need to be applied to the laboratory sample that has been taken according to the sampling plan. For this purpose, sub-sampling is applied in a way that the different test portions are representative for the original laboratory sample with respect to the compo
20、unds of interest and the specific analytical procedures. The representativity of the laboratory sample and of the test portions is of major importance to guarantee the quality and accuracy of analytical results. The representativity of the laboratory sample is specified by the sampling plan. This Eu
21、ropean Standard is largely based on the work already done by CEN/TC 292 “Characterization of waste“, and in particular on latest drafts of just published EN 15002; in fact, some experts who developed EN 15002 also actively participated in the preparation of this European Standard. EN 15002 was devel
22、oped for the majority of waste samples, and most of its concepts and specifications are indeed also applicable to SRF samples, but there would be a number of major problems: several points of Annex A (normative) of EN 15002:2006 (“Guideline for choosing sample treatment techniques“) are simply not a
23、pplicable to SRF samples due to the very particular nature of these samples and in some cases this could be misleading; the main peculiarity that makes SRF samples significantly different from other kinds of waste is that very often SRFs are solid, but neither “granular“ nor monolithic; it often hap
24、pens that SRF samples are fibrous-like materials, so the statistical formula for sampling (Annex B (normative) of EN 15002:2006, that links the minimum amount of sample depending on the particle size and other parameters), that is one of the foundations of EN 15002, is not applicable “as it is“: one
25、 more term in the statistical equation is needed, namely the “shape factor“ (f); all examples contained in Annex E of EN 15002:2006 are just not applicable for SRF samples, which may lead users who need to analyze SRF samples to misunderstandings. Because of these reasons, a significant revision of
26、the recently published EN 15002 would have been necessary in order to fulfil all requirements for SRF samples, which presumably would be better carried out jointly by CEN/TC 292 and CEN/TC 343. Moreover, other CEN/TC 292 standards and ENs on sampling of waste would have become inconsistent and would
27、 have had to be revised in order to include the “shape factor“ in the statistical formula. However, all of this work would probably have caused unacceptable delays for both ENs. Therefore, CEN/TC 343 decided to proceed with the development of a new Standard. BS EN 15413:2011EN 15413:2011 (E) 5 1 Sco
28、pe This European Standard specifies the correct sequence of operations to ensure the representativity of the test portions that have been taken according to the sampling plan, prior to physical and/or chemical analysis (e.g. extractions, digestion and/or analytical determinations) of solid samples.
29、This European Standard specifies the correct sequence of operations and treatments to be applied to the laboratory sample in order to obtain suitable test portions in compliance with the specific requirements defined in the corresponding analytical procedures. 2 Normative references The following re
30、ferenced documents are indispensable for the application of this European Standard. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN 15357:2011, Solid recovered fuels Terminology, defini
31、tions and descriptions EN 15443, Solid recovered fuels Methods for the preparation of the laboratory sample 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in EN 15357:2011 and the following apply. 3.1 drying process of removing water from a sample NOTE For
32、 the purpose of test portion preparation, it may be useful to remove just the amount of water that could interfere with other processes involved (e.g. during crushing or milling). In order to minimise the alteration of the sample during test portion preparation, removing the total amount of water pr
33、esent in the sample is not necessarily needed. 3.2 fraction separation process of dividing components, particles or layers if homogenisation of the sample is practically not applicable and/or the analyses of different fractions or phases are appropriate 3.3 homogenisation process of combining of com
34、ponents, particles or layers into a more homogeneous state of the original samples (in the case of composite samples) or pre-treated fractions of samples in order to ensure equal distribution of substances in and properties of the sample 3.4 sub-sampling process of selecting one or more sub-samples
35、from a sample 3.5 test portion; analytical portion quantity of material of proper size, for measurement of the concentration or other properties of interest, removed from the test sample NOTE The test portion may be taken from the laboratory sample directly if no preparation of sample is required (e
36、.g. with liquids or samples of proper homogeneity, size and fineness), but usually it is taken from the prepared test sample. BS EN 15413:2011EN 15413:2011 (E) 6 3.6 test sample; analytical sample sample, prepared from the laboratory sample, from which test portions are removed for testing or analys
37、is NOTE 1 When the laboratory sample is further prepared (reduced) by subdividing, mixing, grinding, or by combinations of these operations, the result is the test sample. When no preparation of the laboratory sample is required, the laboratory sample is the test sample. A test portion is removed fr
38、om the test sample for the performance of the test or for analysis. NOTE 2 The laboratory sample is the final sample from the point of view of sample collection but it is the initial sample from the point of view of the laboratory. NOTE 3 Several laboratory samples can be prepared and sent to differ
39、ent laboratories or to the same laboratory for different purposes. When sent to the same laboratory, the set is generally considered as a single laboratory sample and is documented as a single sample. 4 Safety remarks The safety in handling of potentially hazardous materials is dealt with relevant n
40、ational and European regulations, which every laboratory should refer to. In addition the following information is given: the apparatus for grinding, cutting, milling, and homogenisation may result harmful for the users. They have to be operated by skilled personnel strictly according to the manufac
41、turers instructions; all procedures have to be performed in a hood or in closed force-ventilated equipment, due to the possibility of generation of fine powders. 5 Principle The laboratory sample is reduced in particle size and mass using different apparatus and procedures depending on the type of s
42、ample and the type of analysis to which the sample will be submitted. 6 Apparatus For the purpose of preparation of test portions from the laboratory samples, appropriate equipment has to be chosen depending on the procedures selected according to Annex A. In the selection of the type of treatment t
43、echniques, one should keep in mind that each of them has some potential impact on analytical results, because it can introduce contamination or alter the physical-chemical properties of the sample. All glassware and devices that come in contact with the sample shall be made out of a suitable materia
44、l, chemically compatible with the sample, selected in order to minimize contamination of samples. Care shall be taken to ensure good cleaning, in order to avoid cross-contamination of samples. An informative list of appropriate equipment for the sample treatment procedures is given in Annex C. 7 Int
45、erferences and sources of error The (sub)-sample shall be re-homogenised after any operation that may have resulted in segregation of different sized particles. BS EN 15413:2011EN 15413:2011 (E) 7 Care should be taken to avoid loss of material and contamination of the sample via the air, by dust, by
46、 the use of the apparatus (e.g. from the ambient laboratory atmosphere or between samples stored or processed close to one another). Three types of contamination could occur from the apparatus: abrasion; cross-contamination; chemical release. Chemical reaction due to generated heat can be as well a
47、source of error and material alteration. It is recommended to perform treatment of waste material in a separate room used only for this purpose, especially crushing or sieving. If the sample has a dust-like consistency or contains (semi)-volatile compounds, part of it may be lost and this may alter
48、its physical-chemical properties. 8 Procedure 8.1 Sample conservation and pre-treatment The laboratory samples shall be stored according to guidelines defined in Annex D. Furthermore any possible source of contamination during the laboratory sample preparation according to EN 15443 (e.g. grinding wi
49、th metallic apparatus, mainly aluminium or aluminium alloy) shall be avoided or reduced as much as possible. The laboratory sample should be stored and delivered in sealed high-density plastic containers. 8.2 Key concepts Preparation of the test portion can be a complex process, because of a number of factors: sample type and its physical state, amount of laboratory sample, type and number of determinations to be carried out, etc. The prep
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