1、raising standards worldwideNO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWBSI Standards PublicationBS EN 15415-3:2012Solid recovered fuels Determination of particle sizedistributionPart 3: Method by image analysis for largedimension particlesBS EN 15415-3:2012 BRITISH STANDARD
2、National forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of EN 15415-3:2012.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee PTI/17, Solid biofuels.A list of organizations represented on this committee can beobtained on request to its secretary.This publication does
3、 not purport to include all the necessaryprovisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correctapplication. The British Standards Institution 2012. Published by BSI StandardsLimited 2012ISBN 978 0 580 71989 9ICS 75.160.10Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal ob
4、ligations.This British Standard was published under the authority of theStandards Policy and Strategy Committee on 30 April 2012.Amendments issued since publicationDate Text affectedBS EN 15415-3:2012EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM EN 15415-3 April 2012 ICS 75.160.10 English Versio
5、n Solid recovered fuels - Determination of particle size distribution - Part 3: Method by image analysis for large dimension particlesCombustibles solides de rcupration - Dtermination de la distribution granulomtrique - Partie 3: Mthode par analyse dimages des particules de grande dimension Feste Se
6、kundrbrennstoffe - Bestimmung der Partikelgrenverteilung - Teil 3: Bildanalysenverfahren fr groe Partikel This European Standard was approved by CEN on 9 March 2012. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Stan
7、dard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists in three official versions (Englis
8、h, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bu
9、lgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COM
10、MITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2012 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 15415-3:2012: EBS EN 15415-3:2012EN
11、15415-3:2012 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword 3Introduction .41 Scope 42 Normative references 43 Terms and definitions .54 List of symbols and abbreviations .65 Principle 65.1 Principles of sampling 65.2 Principle of determining the dimension(s) 75.3 Principle of filaments characterisation .86 Apparatus
12、 .87 Procedure .87.1 Preparation of the sampling plan .87.2 Procedure for taking the field sample and producing the laboratory sample(s) 97.3 Procedure for quantification of maximum projected length and characterisation of filaments 108 Precision 119 Test report . 11Bibliography . 13BS EN 15415-3:20
13、12EN 15415-3:2012 (E) 3 Foreword This document (EN 15415-3:2012) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 343 “Solid recovered fuels”, the secretariat of which is held by SFS. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text o
14、r by endorsement, at the latest by October 2012, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by October 2012. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible
15、 for identifying any or all such patent rights. EN 15415, Solid recovered fuels Determination of particle size distribution, consists of the following parts: Part 1: Screen method for small dimension particles Part 2: Maximum projected length method (manual) for large dimension particles Part 3: Met
16、hod by image analysis for large dimension particles According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland
17、, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom. BS EN 15415-3:2012EN 15415-3:2012 (E) 4 Introduction This document is dedi
18、cated to outlining an optical method for characterizing the size of pieces of solid recovered fuel (SRF) that exhibit an irregular shape and are generally large in size. Typical examples are shredded end-of-life tyres or demolition woods. When such products reach the end-of-life stage, they continue
19、 to exhibit the very strong mechanical properties for which they were designed and fabricated. For instance, tyres are designed and fabricated to withstand cutting. Therefore, it is wise to minimise shredding when producing SRF from these end-of-life products. This results in a general in production
20、 of SRF pieces exhibiting an irregular shape and large size. These SRF cannot be characterised using the sieving method specified in EN 15415-1 which utilises well-known distribution curves and a series of test sieves. Consequently, the method specified in this document is an optical method based on
21、 the determination of the maximum projected length and accompanied by an appropriate statistical evaluation. This maximum projected length approach is needed for sake of testing; but it is mainly needed to facilitate the use of these solid recovered fuels. Safe transportation (e.g. with conveyer) an
22、d introduction into the combustion zone are dependent on the design and operations adapted to such maximum length. In this document, the maximum projected length determination is complemented with a characterisation of the filaments protruding from the SRF pieces (see 3.1). This document is based on
23、 CEN/TS 14243, AFNOR XP T47-753, AFNOR XP T47-756, AFNOR XP T47-757, AFNOR NF X11-696:1989 and ISO 13320. 1 Scope This European Standard specifies the determination of particle size distribution of solid recovered fuels using an image analysis method. It applies to both agglomerated and non-agglomer
24、ated solid, recovered, fuel pieces exhibiting an irregular shape, such as shredded end-of-life tyres and demolition woods. It provides the determination of the maximum projected length as well as parameters such as equivalent diameter. It also gives a characterisation of the filaments protruding fro
25、m the SRF pieces. 2 Normative references The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (i
26、ncluding any amendments) applies. EN 15357:2011, Solid recovered fuels Terminology, definitions and descriptions ISO 565, Test sieves Metal wire cloth, perforated metal plate and electroformed sheet Nominal sizes of openings ISO 3310-1 Test sieves Technical requirements and testing Part 1: Test siev
27、es of metal wire cloth BS EN 15415-3:2012EN 15415-3:2012 (E) 5 3 Terms and definitions For the purpose of this document, the terms and definitions given in EN 15357:2011 and the following apply. 3.1 filaments filiform parts protruding from pieces of solid recovered fuel (SRF) generally of a metallic
28、 and or textile nature SOURCE: EN 15415-2:2012, 3.1 3.2 format of a large piece of SRF format based on the distribution of the maximum projected length SOURCE: EN 15415-2:2012, 3.2 BS EN 15415-3:2012EN 15415-3:2012 (E) 6 4 List of symbols and abbreviations The following symbols and abbreviations are
29、 used in this document: LDF Lower dimension of the format (mm) HDF Higher dimension of the format (mm) L Maximum projected length MS Mass of the laboratory sample (kg) MF Mass of the fine pieces (kg) MLM Mass of the loose metal wires NCC Number of central classes NCR Number of classes in the range f
30、rom LDF to HDF TNP Total number of pieces in the sample not including the fine pieces MPF Mass percentage of the fine pieces MPM Mass percentage of the loose metal wires NPL Number percentage of large pieces MPL Mass percentage of large pieces (optional) NPC Number percentage of NCC MPC Mass percent
31、age of NCC (optional) SRF Solid recovered fuel MLF Minimum length of a filament (mm) MLF1 Minimum length of a filament (mm) for the criterion average number of filaments per piece MLF2 Minimum length of a filament (mm) for the criterion number percentage of pieces having at least one filament ANPF A
32、verage number per piece of filaments longer than MLF1 NPF Number percentage of pieces having at least one filament longer than MLF2 NOTE In this document “mass percentage“ is used for “mass fraction expressed as percent“ to maintain continuity with other symbols and their abbreviations that do not d
33、esignate mass fractions. 5 Principle 5.1 Principle of sampling The main principle of sampling is to obtain a representative sample or representative samples from a whole lot (of defined material) from which a characteristic is to be determined. If the lot is to be represented by a sample, then it is
34、 necessary that every particle in the lot have an equal probability of being included in the sample (i.e. probabilistic sampling). Whenever this principle cannot be applied in practice, the sampler shall define a procedure as close as possible to probabilistic sampling in their judgement (i.e. judge
35、mental sampling) and note the limitations in the sampling plan and sampling report. In general, it is difficult to take samples in a way that satisfies the principle of correct sampling when a material is stationary (for example in a stockpile, big bag or silo). With regard to large pieces of irregu
36、lar shape (e.g. pieces that include protruding filaments), it is necessary to take samples if the material is in movement. BS EN 15415-3:2012EN 15415-3:2012 (E) 7 NOTE The determination of properties other than dimensions can result in different sampling requirements. This is the case when determini
37、ng physical properties such as bulk density or chemical composition. 5.2 Principle of the determination of dimension A laboratory sample of at least TNP 100 separate elements not passing through the LDF sieve is taken for the test. The mass of the laboratory sample, MS, is weighed to within 0,01 kg.
38、 Any elements consisting solely of metal wires released from the pieces of solid recovered fuel are not counted in the TNP pieces. They are collected and weighed together (MLM in kilograms). After passing through a LDF sieve, the mass of the fine pieces, MF, is weighed to within 0,01 kg. The pieces
39、not passing through the sieve (without loose metal wires) are used to determine the maximum lengths and constitute the test portion for determination purposes. Each piece of this test portion is treated individually. As these pieces are not usually flat, the largest length is defined as the largest
40、length projected onto a plane on which the piece in question lies. This length is measured to within 5 mm without deforming the piece and excluding protruding filaments. The measurements of the different maximum projected lengths, L, are used for drawing a histogram (see Figure 1) that is a characte
41、ristic of the distribution of the pieces of the test portion, i.e. the laboratory sample without the fine pieces and without the loose metal wires. This histogram consists of the large pieces (a class larger than the HDF threshold dimension of the large pieces) and NCR = 7 classes of the same width
42、between the LDF and HDF dimensions. Figure 1 Example of a histogram The following three characteristics of the histogram are extracted from these measurements: a) the number percentage of large pieces, NPL (and optionally, the mass percentage of large pieces, MPL, corresponding to the pieces larger
43、than the higher dimension of the HDF format where HDF is one of the characteristics of the format of the product under consideration, e.g. 350 mm); b) the mass percentage of the fine pieces, MPF = 100 MF/MS (mass percentage of the pieces passing through the sieve with a mesh of LDF where LDF is one
44、of the characteristics of the product format under consideration, e.g. 25 mm); c) the number percentage, NPC (and optionally the mass percentage, MPC) of the pieces in the number of central classes (NCC) (2-3-4-5-6) amongst the classes NCR = 7 between the lower and higher dimensions of the format (L
45、DF and HDF). BS EN 15415-3:2012EN 15415-3:2012 (E) 8 5.3 Principle of filaments characterisation From the method for evaluating the filaments of shredded materials, the following two parameters are determined: a) ANPF: average number per piece of filaments longer than MLF1; b) NPF: number percentage
46、 of pieces having at least one filament longer than MLF2. This evaluation is based on a measurement by image analysis as specified in the following sub-clauses which determine the filaments as filiform metallic and/or textile protruding wires (see 3.1) at least as long as MLF. The evaluation is gene
47、rally combined with a determination by image analysis of the largest projected length (excluding filaments). 6 Apparatus 6.1 Vessel, large enough to contain at least 100 pieces. 6.2 Optical measurement system, automatic, for image analysis to determine the largest projected length of each piece, cap
48、able of measuring lengths (projected length of pieces or length of filaments) with an accuracy of 5 mm up to 500 mm. 6.3 Balance, with an accuracy of 0,01 kg. 6.4 Circular mesh sieve, in accordance with ISO 565 or ISO 3310-1, with a mesh of LDF. 7 Procedure 7.1 Preparation of the sampling plan First
49、 the property required in the testing programme and the lot in relation to which it is defined, e.g. “maximum projected length on a SRF production of 300 Mg“, shall be identified. The lot size shall be based on management decisions about the production quality or specific customer requirements. It may be defined by the producer as a fixed quantity produced between machine settings, a fixed quantity of a production day/shift/week or simply a fixed quantity. With regard to certain pieces exhibiting la
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