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2、echanical loads Part 1: General requirementsICS 55.180.01Transportation loads Measurement and evaluation of dynamic BRITISH STANDARDBS EN 15433-1:2007BS EN 15433-1:2007Licensed Copy: Wang Bin, ISO/EXCHANGE CHINA STANDARDS, 28/04/2008 02:43, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSIThis British Standard was publish
3、ed under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 January 2008 BSI 2008ISBN 978 0 580 56271 6Amendments/corrigenda issued since publicationDate CommentsCompliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations. National forewordThis British Standard i
4、s the UK implementation of EN 15433-1:2007.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee PKW/0, Packaging.A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary pr
5、ovisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application.EUROPEAN STANDARDNORME EUROPENNEEUROPISCHE NORMEN 15433-1December 2007ICS 55.180.01English VersionTransportation loads - Measurement and evaluation of dynamicmechanical loads - Part 1: General requirementsCharges de transport
6、- Mesurage et analyse des chargesmcaniques dynamiques - Partie 1 : Exigences gnralesTransportbelastungen - Messen und Auswerten vonmechanisch-dynamischen Belastungen - Teil 1: AllgemeineAnforderungenThis European Standard was approved by CEN on 28 October 2007.CEN members are bound to comply with th
7、e CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this EuropeanStandard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such nationalstandards may be obtained on application to the CEN Management Centre o
8、r to any CEN member.This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translationunder the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN Management Centre has the same status as theofficial versi
9、ons.CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland,France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal,Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain
10、, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATIONCOMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATIONEUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNGManagement Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels 2007 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reservedworldwide for CEN national Member
11、s.Ref. No. EN 15433-1:2007: ELicensed Copy: Wang Bin, ISO/EXCHANGE CHINA STANDARDS, 28/04/2008 02:43, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSIEN 15433-1:2007 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword. 3 Introduction 4 1 Scope 5 2 Normative references . 5 3 Requirements 5 3.1 Fundamental requirements 5 3.2 Location of measurin
12、g points 5 3.3 Source data 6 3.4 Care during data acquisition and documentation . 6 3.5 Measuring report. 6 3.6 Measurement on a transported item. 6 3.7 Data validity check 6 3.8 Data analysis . 6 3.9 Derivation of test specifications 7 3.10 Transportation monitoring with automatic recording equipme
13、nt 7 Bibliography . 8 Licensed Copy: Wang Bin, ISO/EXCHANGE CHINA STANDARDS, 28/04/2008 02:43, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSIEN 15433-1:2007 (E) 3 Foreword This document (EN 15433-1:2007) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 261 “Packaging”, the secretariat of which is held by AFNOR. This Eur
14、opean Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by June 2008, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by June 2008. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements
15、 of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Au
16、stria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. License
17、d Copy: Wang Bin, ISO/EXCHANGE CHINA STANDARDS, 28/04/2008 02:43, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSIEN 15433-1:2007 (E) 4 Introduction This standard was originally prepared by working group NAVp-1.4, Requirements and Testing, of the German Standardisation Institute (DIN). It is part of a complete normative
18、concept to acquire and describe the loads acting on goods and influencing them during transport, handling and storage. This standard becomes significant when related to the realisation of the European Directive on Packaging and Packaging Waste (Directive 94/62 EC, 20 December 1994). This directive s
19、pecifies requirements on the avoidance or reduction of packaging waste, and requires that the amount of packaging material is adjusted to the expected transportation load, in order to protect the transportation item adequately. However, this presumes some knowledge of the transportation loads occurr
20、ing during shipment. At present, basic standards, based on scientifically confirmed values, which can adequately describe and characterize the magnitudes of transportation loads, especially in the domain of dynamic-mechanical loads, do not exist nationally or internationally. Reasons for this are ma
21、inly the absence of published data, insufficient description of the measurements, or restrictions on the dissemination of this information. This standard will enable the measurement and evaluation of dynamic mechanical transportation loads, thus enabling the achievement of standardized and adequatel
22、y documented load values. This series of standards consists of the following parts: Part 1: General requirements Part 2: Data acquisition and general requirements for measuring equipment Part 3: Data validity check and data editing for evaluation Part 4: Data evaluation Part 5: Derivation of test sp
23、ecifications Part 6: Automatic recording systems for measuring randomly occurring shock during monitoring of transports. This standard describes the basics and principles to be applied when measuring and analysing transportation loads. Licensed Copy: Wang Bin, ISO/EXCHANGE CHINA STANDARDS, 28/04/200
24、8 02:43, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSIEN 15433-1:2007 (E) 5 1 Scope This standard specifies the general requirements to be observed during the measurement and evaluation of dynamic-mechanical transportation loads, should the results raise a claim of generalization and be incorporated in this series of
25、standards as fundamental data. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) appl
26、ies. EN 15433-2, Transportation loads Measurement and evaluation of dynamic-mechanical loads Part 2: Data acquisition and general requirements for measuring equipment EN 15433-3, Transportation loads Measurement and evaluation of dynamic-mechanical data Part 3: Data validity check and data editing f
27、or evaluation EN 15433-4, Transportation loads Measurement and evaluation of dynamic-mechanical loads Part 4: Data evaluation EN 15433-5, Transportation loads Measurement and evaluation of dynamic-mechanical loads Part 5: Derivation of test specifications EN 15433-6, Transportation loads Measurement
28、 and evaluation of dynamic-mechanical loads Part 6: Automatic recording systems for measuring randomly occurring shock during monitoring of transports 3 Requirements 3.1 Fundamental requirements Transportation loads shall be measured on the transportation means, and independently of the items to be
29、transported. NOTE Transportation loads depend on technical equipment (e.g. transportation means, handling equipment and conveyers), handling (e.g. topple, throw-down operation and stowing), and environmental conditions (e.g. temperature, humidity, sunlight and air pollution), and can evoke stress on
30、 or inside the transported item, which can lead to damage. The type and intensity of the damage depend upon the nature of the goods (e.g. temperature and shock sensitivity) and their packing and therefore can as a rule, only be determined and assessed from isolated cases. To determine the transporta
31、tion capability, more post-laboratory tests are performed, during which standardized transportation loads have to be simulated. 3.2 Location of measuring points To achieve compatibility between different transportation means, the location of the measuring points shall be the interface between the tr
32、ansportation means and the transported item, i.e., as a rule, on the cargo platform. If it can be assured that the transmissibility between load input and location of the measuring points is adequately known and the influence of the package on the measured values is not taken into consideration, the
33、n instead of the cargo platform a different location of the measuring point (e.g. inside the package) can be chosen for specific transport and handling proceedings. NOTE For the compatibility and generalisation of transportation loads, it is necessary that these are determined independently of the p
34、roperties of the cargo, although a dynamic mechanical reaction of the specific transported item onto the oscillatory and shock behaviour cannot be excluded. Licensed Copy: Wang Bin, ISO/EXCHANGE CHINA STANDARDS, 28/04/2008 02:43, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSIEN 15433-1:2007 (E) 6 3.3 Source data Dynami
35、c mechanical loads appear as physical events and therefore shall be recorded as force-time or acceleration-time histories. These data are described as source data as long as they are recorded and stored, before any pre-processing or analysis (e.g. by spectral analysis). NOTE Parties other than those
36、 that have performed the measurement should also be able to judge the confidence capability of the measurements and duplicate the analysis, if necessary with different methods. It is also advantageous to decouple the analyses from the measurements, because transportation for the purpose of measuring
37、 is more costly and difficult to repeat than arithmetical analyses. 3.4 Care during data acquisition and documentation Since other users rely on the confidence capability of the data, the measurements require accurate planning and execution and shall be performed according to EN 15433-2 in order to
38、generally describe the transportation loads for the purpose of introducing them into the standards. As transparency of the measurements to non-participating experts is necessary, extensive documentation of the measurements is required. Data shall be used in standards (e.g. standardized load profiles
39、) only when it is assured that the utmost care has been applied to acquire and document the data. NOTE Generally the determination of dynamic-mechanical loads is a demanding measurement task, which requires efficient measuring equipment and a correspondingly large amount of know-how from the test ma
40、nager. Many interferences and error possibilities can falsify the measuring results and therefore lead to incorrect interpretations. 3.5 Measuring report Measurements performed according to this standard shall make use of the measuring reports included in EN 15433-2. Situations other than the ones d
41、escribed in the measuring reports of EN 15433-2 shall be documented accordingly. 3.6 Measurement on a transported item Measurements on a transported item are only permissible in case of justifiable exceptions. NOTE Measurements performed directly on a transported item only contain the dynamic behavi
42、our of the measuring chain from the transportation means to the transported item, and therefore do not necessarily reflect the behaviour of the transportation means. The measurements can only be used for standardisation purposes when the transmission characteristic is known and has been described. 3
43、.7 Data validity check Measured values shall be checked according to EN 15433-3 for their validity, their capability to be generalized and their applicability. NOTE When measuring and analysing dynamic processes, unnoticed or difficult-to-recognize disturbances or erroneous measurements often occur,
44、 which lead to misinterpretations. A data validity check should therefore be performed prior to any data analyses, whereby the measured values should be related to the corresponding physical events, and their plausibility should be ensured. 3.8 Data analysis The analysis of the measured data shall b
45、e performed according to EN 15433-4. Licensed Copy: Wang Bin, ISO/EXCHANGE CHINA STANDARDS, 28/04/2008 02:43, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSIEN 15433-1:2007 (E) 7 3.9 Derivation of test specifications From those measurements performed and analysed in EN 15433-2, EN 15433-3 and EN 15433-4, it is possible
46、to derive corresponding test specifications. For this purpose, EN 15433-5 shall be applied. 3.10 Transportation monitoring with automatic recording equipment Automatic recording equipment, which is usually mounted inside a packed item, shall be selected and applied according to EN 15433-6. NOTE Due
47、to its limited measuring range, recording equipment is not suitable for the continuous acquisition of acceleration-time signals over a lengthy period of time, and the recorded values therefore can only be used with exceptions for the derivation of test specifications according to EN 15433-5. Further
48、more, the equipment is mainly used inside a package and not on the cargo platform. However, it is suitable for recording event-dependent shocks (shock recording), whereby a certain shock load is used as a trigger signal. This makes it possible to survey lengthy transportations in order to detect the
49、 shock loads that occur in certain phases of a transport chain. When accordingly documented and judged by a technical body, these measured shock values can be used for standardized load assumptions. Licensed Copy: Wang Bin, ISO/EXCHANGE CHINA STANDARDS, 28/04/2008 02:43, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSIEN 15433-1:2007 (E) 8 Bibliography 1 DIN 1319-2 Basic concepts of measurement Concepts for the use of measuring equipment 2 ISO 5348 Mechanical vibration and shock - Mechanical mounting of accelerometers Licensed Copy: Wang Bin, ISO/EXCHANGE CHINA
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