1、Licensed Copy: Wang Bin, ISO/EXCHANGE CHINA STANDARDS, 28/04/2008 03:29, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSIg49g50g3g38g50g51g60g44g49g42g3g58g44g55g43g50g56g55g3g37g54g44g3g51g40g53g48g44g54g54g44g50g49g3g40g59g38g40g51g55g3g36g54g3g51g40g53g48g44g55g55g40g39g3g37g60g3g38g50g51g60g53g44g42g43g55g3g47g36g58m
2、echanical loads Part 4: Data evaluationICS 55.180.01Transportation loads Measurement and evaluation of dynamic BRITISH STANDARDBS EN 15433-4:2007BS EN 15433-4:2007Licensed Copy: Wang Bin, ISO/EXCHANGE CHINA STANDARDS, 28/04/2008 03:29, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSIThis British Standard was published un
3、der the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 January 2008 BSI 2008ISBN 978 0 580 56265 5Amendments/corrigenda issued since publicationDate CommentsCompliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations.National forewordThis British Standard is the
4、UK implementation of EN 15433-4:2007.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee PKW/0, Packaging.A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisio
5、ns of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application.EUROPEAN STANDARDNORME EUROPENNEEUROPISCHE NORMEN 15433-4December 2007ICS 55.180.01English VersionTransportation loads - Measurement and evaluation of dynamicmechanical loads - Part 4: Data evaluationCharges de transport - Mesurage
6、et analyse des chargesmcaniques dynamiques - Partie 4: Evaluation desdonnesTransportbelastungen - Messen und Auswerten vonmechanisch-dynamischen Belastungen - Teil 4:DatenauswertungThis European Standard was approved by CEN on 28 October 2007.CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Inte
7、rnal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this EuropeanStandard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such nationalstandards may be obtained on application to the CEN Management Centre or to any CEN membe
8、r.This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translationunder the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN Management Centre has the same status as theofficial versions.CEN members ar
9、e the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland,France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal,Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerl
10、and and United Kingdom.EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATIONCOMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATIONEUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNGManagement Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels 2007 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reservedworldwide for CEN national Members.Ref. No. EN 1543
11、3-4:2007: ELicensed Copy: Wang Bin, ISO/EXCHANGE CHINA STANDARDS, 28/04/2008 03:29, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSIEN 15433-4:2007 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword. 5 Introduction 6 1 Scope 7 2 Normative references . 9 3 Measured signals 9 3.1 Instantaneous values 9 3.2 Average values 9 3.2.1 General. 9 3.2.
12、2 Instruments and software 10 3.2.3 Types of averaging . 10 3.2.4 Averaging time and sampling errors 10 3.3 Synchronous averaging . 11 3.3.1 General. 11 3.3.2 Instruments and software 12 3.3.3 Triggering procedures 12 3.3.4 Signal-to-noise enhancement 12 3.4 Filtered signals 13 3.4.1 General. 13 3.4
13、.2 Analogue filtering 13 3.4.3 Digital filtering . 14 4 Data classification. 14 4.1 General. 14 4.2 Time dependence 14 4.2.1 General. 14 4.2.2 Stationary or steady-state data . 14 4.2.3 Non-stationary data 15 4.2.4 Transient data 16 4.2.5 Physical considerations. 16 4.3 Randomness 17 4.3.1 General.
14、17 4.3.2 Identification of periodic components 17 4.3.3 Separation of random and periodic components 17 4.4 Normality 18 4.4.1 General. 18 4.4.2 Test for normality 18 4.4.3 Spurious deviations from normality . 18 5 Single channel spectral analysis/periodic and random data . 18 5.1 FFT algorithms 19
15、5.1.1 General. 19 5.1.2 Number of data values 19 5.1.3 Redundant components. 19 5.1.4 Leakage and tapering . 20 5.1.5 Spectral bandwidth. 21 5.2 Periodic data 22 5.2.1 General. 22 5.2.2 Instruments and software 22 5.2.3 Anti-aliasing filters 23 5.2.4 Leakage and tapering . 23 5.2.5 Frequency resolut
16、ion 23 5.2.6 Resolution error corrections . 23 5.2.7 Statistical sampling errors. 25 Licensed Copy: Wang Bin, ISO/EXCHANGE CHINA STANDARDS, 28/04/2008 03:29, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSIEN 15433-4:2007 (E) 3 5.2.8 Plotting. 25 5.3 Stationary random data 25 5.3.1 General. 25 5.3.2 Instruments and softw
17、are 27 5.3.3 Anti-aliasing filters 27 5.3.4 Leakage and tapering . 27 5.3.5 Frequency resolution 27 5.3.6 Resolution error corrections . 29 5.3.7 Statistical sampling errors. 29 5.3.8 Overlapped processing 30 5.3.9 Zoom transforms. 31 5.3.10 Plotting. 31 5.4 Non-stationary data 31 5.4.1 General. 31
18、5.4.2 Random signals 31 5.4.3 Time codes 32 5.5 Proportional bandwidth spectra 33 5.5.1 General. 33 5.5.2 1/3-octave band spectra . 33 5.5.3 Other proportional bandwidth spectra . 33 6 Single channel spectral analysis/transient data 33 6.1 General. 33 6.2 Fourier spectra 34 6.2.1 General. 34 6.2.2 I
19、nstruments and software 34 6.2.3 Anti-aliasing filters 34 6.2.4 Leakage and tapering . 34 6.2.5 Frequency resolution 35 6.2.6 Resolution error corrections . 35 6.2.7 Statistical sampling errors. 36 6.2.8 Plotting. 36 6.3 Energy spectra 36 6.3.1 General. 36 6.3.2 Instruments and software 37 6.3.3 Ant
20、i-aliasing filters 37 6.3.4 Leakage and tapering . 37 6.3.5 Frequency resolution 37 6.3.6 Resolution error corrections . 37 6.3.7 Statistical sampling errors. 37 6.3.8 Plotting. 37 6.4 Shock response spectra (SRS) 37 6.4.1 General. 37 6.4.2 Interpretation of SRS results . 40 6.4.3 Presentation of SR
21、S results. 40 6.4.4 Instruments and software 41 6.4.5 Anti-aliasing filters 41 6.4.6 Sampling rate 41 6.4.7 Truncation error 41 6.4.8 Initial conditions 41 6.4.9 Frequency resolution 41 6.4.10 Resolution error corrections . 41 6.4.11 Statistical sampling errors. 42 6.4.12 Plotting. 42 6.4.13 Other S
22、RS computations 42 7 Dual channel analysis. 43 7.1 General. 43 7.2 Cross-spectra 43 7.2.1 General. 43 7.2.2 Instruments and software 44 7.2.3 Anti-aliasing filters 44 Licensed Copy: Wang Bin, ISO/EXCHANGE CHINA STANDARDS, 28/04/2008 03:29, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSIEN 15433-4:2007 (E) 4 7.2.4 Leakag
23、e and tapering . 44 7.2.5 Frequency resolution 45 7.2.6 Resolution error corrections . 45 7.2.7 Time delay bias error 45 7.2.8 Multiple path (reverberation) bias error 46 7.2.9 Statistical sampling errors. 46 7.2.10 Overlapped processing 47 7.2.11 Zoom transforms. 47 7.2.12 Plotting. 47 7.3 Coherenc
24、e 47 7.3.1 General. 47 7.3.2 Instruments and software 48 7.3.3 Anti-aliasing filters 48 7.3.4 Leakage and tapering . 48 7.3.5 Frequency resolution 48 7.3.6 Time delay bias errors 48 7.3.7 Multiple path (reverberation) errors 49 7.3.8 Statistical sampling errors. 49 7.3.9 Overlapped processing 50 7.3
25、.10 Zoom transforms. 50 7.3.11 Plotting. 50 7.4 Frequency response. 50 7.4.1 General. 50 7.4.2 Instruments and software 51 7.4.3 Anti-aliasing filters 51 7.4.4 Leakage and tapering . 51 7.4.5 Frequency resolution 51 7.4.6 Statistical sampling errors. 51 7.4.7 Overlapped processing 52 7.4.8 Zoom tran
26、sforms. 52 7.4.9 Plotting. 52 7.5 Cross-correlation 52 7.5.1 General. 52 7.5.2 Instruments and software 53 7.5.3 Anti-aliasing filters 53 7.5.4 Leakage and tapering . 53 7.5.5 Time resolution . 53 7.5.6 Time delay bias error 53 7.5.7 Statistical sampling errors. 54 7.5.8 Overlapped processing 54 7.5
27、.9 Plotting. 54 7.6 Correlation coefficient 54 7.7 Unit impulse response 55 8 Other analysis . 55 8.1 General. 55 8.2 Probability density 55 8.2.1 General. 55 8.2.2 Instantaneous probability density. 55 8.2.3 Peak probability density. 56 Bibliography . 59 Licensed Copy: Wang Bin, ISO/EXCHANGE CHINA
28、STANDARDS, 28/04/2008 03:29, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSIEN 15433-4:2007 (E) 5 Foreword This document (EN 15433-4:2007) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 261 “Packaging”, the secretariat of which is held by AFNOR. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, e
29、ither by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by June 2008, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by June 2008. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or
30、CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, D
31、enmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. Licensed Copy: Wang Bin, ISO/EXCHANGE CHINA STANDARDS, 28/
32、04/2008 03:29, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSIEN 15433-4:2007 (E) 6 Introduction This standard was originally prepared by working group NAVp-1.4, Requirements and Testing, of the German Standardization Institute (DIN). It is part of a complete normative concept to acquire and describe the loads acting on
33、 goods and influencing them during transport, handling and storage. This standard becomes significant when related to the realisation of the European Directive on Packaging and Packaging Waste (Directive 94/62 EC, 20 December 1994). This directive specifies requirements on the avoidance or reduction
34、 of packaging waste, and requires that the amount of packaging material is adjusted to the expected transportation load, in order to protect the transportation item adequately. However, this presumes some knowledge of the transportation loads occurring during shipment. At present, basic standards, b
35、ased on scientifically confirmed values, which can adequately describe and characterize the magnitudes of transportation loads, especially in the domain of dynamic mechanical loads do not exist nationally or internationally. Reasons for this are mainly the absence of published data, insufficient des
36、cription of the measurements or restrictions on the dissemination of this information. This standard will enable the measurement and evaluation of dynamic mechanical transportation loads, thus enabling the achievement of standardized and adequately documented load values. This series of standards co
37、nsists of the following parts: Part 1: General requirements, Part 2: Data acquisition and general requirements for measuring equipment; Part 3: Data validity check and data editing for evaluation; Part 4: Data evaluation; Part 5: Derivation of Test Specifications; Part 6: Automatic recording systems
38、 for measuring randomly occurring shock during monitoring of transports. Licensed Copy: Wang Bin, ISO/EXCHANGE CHINA STANDARDS, 28/04/2008 03:29, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSIEN 15433-4:2007 (E) 7 1 Scope This standard presents guidelines for the instruments, procedures and parameters, used to analyse
39、dynamic data. It is assumed that the person performing the analyses has the use of appropriate digital FFT signal processors or FFT computers. These guidelines are also applicable for other types of signal processing procedures, as long as the analysing parameters are equivalent. Such other procedur
40、es contain correlation algorithms e.g. Blackman-Tuckey), digital band pass filter algorithms or heterodyne techniques. An outline of the data analysis procedures covered in this section is presented in Figure 1. Licensed Copy: Wang Bin, ISO/EXCHANGE CHINA STANDARDS, 28/04/2008 03:29, Uncontrolled Co
41、py, (c) BSIEN 15433-4:2007 (E) 8 3) Measured signals3.1) Instantaneous values3.2) Average values3.3) Synchronous averages3.4) Filtered signals4) Data classification4.2) Time dependence4.3) Randomness4.4) Normality7) Dual channel analysis7.2) Cross-spectra7.3) Coherence7.4) Frequency response7.5) Cro
42、ss-correlation7.6) Correlation coefficient7.7) Unit impulse response5) Single channel spectral analysis5) Periodic and random data5.1) FFT algorithms5.2) Periodic data (inner spectra)5.3) Stationary random data (Auto or power spectra)5.4) Non-stationary data6) Transient data6.2) Fourier spectra6.3)
43、Energy spectra6.4) Shock response spectra8) Other analyses8.2) Probability density5.5) Proportional bandwidth (1/3 octave bandwidth)Figure 1 Outline of data analysis Licensed Copy: Wang Bin, ISO/EXCHANGE CHINA STANDARDS, 28/04/2008 03:29, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSIEN 15433-4:2007 (E) 9 2 Normative r
44、eferences The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. Not applicable. 3 Measured signals NOTE
45、 The signal analysis procedures discussed in Clause 3 are in addition to the evaluations described in EN 15433-3 for the purpose of data validity checking and data editing for evaluation. 3.1 Instantaneous values Beyond the purpose of data validation and editing, certain applications may require an
46、evaluation of instantaneous signal values. In particular, the general design of structures for low frequency loads is commonly based upon maximum value estimates made from signal time histories. 3.2 Average values 3.2.1 General The most common average values measured in stationary signals are the me
47、an value xand the standard deviation x(or the rms value x). Estimates of the mean value and standard deviation of a signal x(t), where 0 t T, may be computed with the aid of the following algorithms: a) Mean value: x=1Tx ( t )dt =1N0Tx ( nt )n=1N(1) b) RMS value: x=1Tx2( t )dt0T 1/2=1Nx2( nt )n=1N 1
48、/2(2) Licensed Copy: Wang Bin, ISO/EXCHANGE CHINA STANDARDS, 28/04/2008 03:29, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSIEN 15433-4:2007 (E) 10 c) Standard deviation: x=1Tx ( t ) x2d t0T 1/2=1(N 1)x ( nt ) x2n=1N 1/2(3) where T is the linear averaging time for analogue signals; N is the number of data values for di
49、gital signals (T = Nt); () denotes “estimate of“. NOTE For most high-frequency dynamic measurements, the transducer does not sense the static or DC component of the signal, whereas for most low frequency measurements (below 50 Hz), the DC component is included. Without the DC component, the mean value of the signal is zero and the RMS value computation of equation (2) will yield the standard deviation. 3.2.2 Instruments and software The averaging time constant is
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