1、raising standards worldwide NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAW BSI Standards Publication BS EN 16028:2012 Railway applications Wheel/ rail friction management Lubricants for trainborne and trackside applicationsBS EN 16028:2012 BRITISH STANDARD National foreword T
2、his British Standard is the UK implementation of EN 16028:2012. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee RAE/3/-/6, Railway Applications - Flange lubrication. A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary. This p
3、ublication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. The British Standards Institution 2012. Published by BSI Standards Limited 2012 ISBN 978 0 580 59484 7 ICS 45.040; 75.100 Compliance with a British Standard cannot co
4、nfer immunity from legal obligations. This British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 July 2012. Amendments issued since publication Date Text affectedBS EN 16028:2012EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM EN 16028 July 2012 ICS
5、 45.040; 75.100 English Version Railway applications - Wheel/rail friction management - Lubricants for trainborne and trackside applications Applications ferroviaires - Gestion des frottements roue/rail - Lubrifiants pour les applications embarques et fixes de voie Bahnanwendungen - Spurkranzschmier
6、ung - Prfung der Schmierstoffe This European Standard was approved by CEN on 9 June 2012. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date li
7、sts and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation unde
8、r the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Y
9、ugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EURO
10、PEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2012 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 16028:2012: EBS EN 16028:2012 EN 16028:2012 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword
11、. 4 Introduction 5 1 Scope 6 2 Normative references . 6 3 Terms and definitions . 9 4 Legislative compliance . 10 5 Approval procedure 10 6 Control and monitoring of product . 11 6.1 Manufacturing process. 11 6.2 Type tests 12 6.3 Routine tests . 12 7 Technical datasheet 12 8 Tests . 12 8.1 Explanat
12、ion of Annex A: Tables A.1 to A.4 12 8.2 Key to Annex A table columns Type, Routine and Datasheet 13 8.3 Key to Annex A table column Use 13 9 Packaging, labelling and storage 13 Annex A (normative) Requirements for lubricants and testing . 15 Annex B (normative) Water wash-off test 27 B.1 Purpose 27
13、 B.2 Short description 27 B.3 Conditions for testing . 27 B.4 Test process 27 Annex C (informative) Corrosion test on steel 30 C.1 Purpose 30 C.2 Short description 30 C.3 Conditions for testing . 30 C.4 Test process 31 Annex D (informative) Behaviour at an elevated temperature Adhesion on steel shee
14、t . 32 D.1 Purpose 32 D.2 Short description 32 D.3 Conditions for test 32 D.4 Test process 32 Annex E (informative) Determination of the volatile constituents in greases 34 E.1 Purpose 34 E.2 Short description 34 E.3 Conditions for testing . 34 E.4 Test process 35 E.5 Recording of test results 35 An
15、nex F (informative) Peak forming and droop 36 F.1 Purpose 36 F.2 Short description 36 F.3 Conditions for testing . 36 F.4 Test process 36 BS EN 16028:2012 EN 16028:2012 (E) 3 Annex G (informative) Low-temperature torque (rheometer measurement at -20 C and - 30 C) 39 G.1 Purpose 39 G.2 Short descript
16、ion 39 G.3 Conditions for test 39 G.4 Test process 40 Annex H (informative) Miscibility with flange/rail lubricants in use greases 43 H.1 Purpose 43 H.2 Short description 43 H.3 Conditions for testing . 43 H.4 Test process 44 Annex I (informative) Miscibility with flange/rail lubricants in use oils
17、. 45 I.1 Purpose 45 I.2 Short description 45 I.3 Conditions for testing . 45 I.4 Test process 46 Annex J (informative) Determination of low temperature cone penetration of greases . 47 J.1 Purpose 47 J.2 Short description 47 J.3 Conditions for test 47 J.4 Test process 47 Annex K (informative) Functi
18、onal test on specific equipment . 49 K.1 General . 49 K.2 Flowing behaviour of wheel-flange greases 49 K.3 Test of spraying of oils at various temperatures . 51 Annex L (informative) Solid stick testing on twin-disc machine . 55 L.1 Purpose 55 L.2 Short description 55 L.3 Conditions for test 55 L.4
19、Test process 58 L.5 Test results 58 Annex M (informative) Lubricant product performance - Field assessment 60 M.1 General . 60 M.2 Product performance assessment 60 Bibliography . 61 BS EN 16028:2012 EN 16028:2012 (E) 4 Foreword This document (EN 16028:2012) has been prepared by Technical Committee
20、CEN/TC 256 “Railway applications”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by January 2013, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at t
21、he latest by January 2013. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CE
22、N by the European Commission and the European Free Trade Association. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organisations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark
23、, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom. BS EN 16028:2012
24、EN 16028:2012 (E) 5 Introduction Friction management using solid or fluid (oil, grease, etc.) substances at the wheel-rail interface is a complex subject and includes the following aspects: lubrication of the wheel flange/rail gauge corner (active interface), commonly referred to as “flange or rail
25、lubrication”; friction modification of the top of rail/wheel tread interface, commonly referred to as “top of rail friction management”. This European Standard sets out requirements for the lubricant for flange or rail lubrication. It specifies requirements for the lubricant, how to test it and how
26、to approve it. Lubricants should be tested to confirm there is: compatibility with lubricating systems; no intolerable increased risk of fire; no harmful environmental effects; no incompatibility between the different lubricants in use, particularly between solid and fluid systems; satisfactory and
27、consistent product quality and performance. The main purpose of the lubricant is to reduce friction and wear, and keep them at an acceptable level. The content is based on current experience and should not exclude developments that can be later incorporated at reissue. BS EN 16028:2012 EN 16028:2012
28、 (E) 6 1 Scope This European Standard specifies the requirements of lubricants intended for lubrication of the wheel- rail interface between the wheel flange and the rail gauge corner (active interface) applied either directly or indirectly to the wheel flange or to the rail to achieve an acceptable
29、 level of friction and wear. It covers the approval procedure, the method of testing and routine control/monitoring of the lubricant. 2 Normative references The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated
30、references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN 10130, Cold rolled low carbon steel flat products for cold forming Technical delivery conditions EN 15427, Railway appllications Wheel/rail frictio
31、n management Flange lubrication EN ISO 868, Plastics and ebonite Determination of indentation hardness by means of a durometer (Shore hardness) (ISO 868) EN ISO 1183-1, Plastics Methods for determining the density of non-cellular plastics Part 1: Immersion method, liquid pyknometer method and titrat
32、ion method (ISO 1183-1) EN ISO 2160, Petroleum products Corrosiveness to copper Copper strip test (ISO 2160) EN ISO 2592, Petroleum products Determination of flash and fire points Cleveland open cup method (ISO 2592) EN ISO 3104, Petroleum products Transparent and opaque liquids Determination of kin
33、ematic viscosity and calculation of dynamic viscosity (ISO 3104) EN ISO 3146, Plastics Determination of melting behaviour (melting temperature or melting range) of semi-crystalline polymers by capillary tube and polarizing-microscope methods (ISO 3146) EN ISO 3675, Crude petroleum and liquid petrole
34、um products Laboratory determination of density Hydrometer method (ISO 3675) EN ISO 4589-1, Plastics Determination of burning behaviour by oxygen index Part 1: Guidance (ISO 4589-1) EN ISO 4589-2, Plastics Determination of burning behaviour by oxygen index Ambient temperature test (ISO 4589-2) EN IS
35、O 5659-1, Plastics Smoke generation Part 1: Guidance on optical-density testing (ISO 5659-1) EN ISO 5659-2, Plastics Smoke generation Determination of optical density by a single- chamber test (ISO 5659-2) ISO/TR 5659-3, Plastics Smoke generation Part 3: Determination of optical density by a dynamic
36、-flow method EN ISO 12185, Crude petroleum and petroleum products Determination of density Oscillating U- tube method (ISO 12185) BS EN 16028:2012 EN 16028:2012 (E) 7 EN ISO 20623, Petroleum and its products Determination of the extreme-pressure and anti-wear properties of fluids Four ball method (E
37、uropean conditions) (ISO 20623) ISO 760, Determination of water Karl Fischer method (General method) ISO 2049, Petroleum products Determination of colour (ASTM scale) ISO 2137, Petroleum products and lubricants Determination of cone penetration of lubricating greases and petrolatum ISO 2176, Petrole
38、um products Lubricating grease Determination of dropping point ISO 3016, Petroleum products Determination of pour point ISO 3733, Petroleum products and bituminous materials Determination of water Distillation method ISO 6072,Rubber Compatibility between hydraulic fluids and standard elastomeric mat
39、erials ISO 6743-99, Lubricants, industrial oils and related products (class L) Classification Part 99: General ISO 7120, Petroleum products and lubricants Petroleum oils and other fluids Determination of rust-preventing characteristics in the presence of water ISO 9772, Cellular plastics Determinati
40、on of horizontal burning characteristics of small specimens subjected to a small flame ISO 11007, Petroleum products and lubricants Determination of rust-prevention characteristics of lubricating greases DIN 51350-4, Testing of lubricants Testing by the Shell four-ball tester Determination of weldin
41、g load of consistent lubricants DIN 51350-5, Testing of lubricants Testing by the Shell four-ball tester Determination of wear data for consistent lubricants DIN 51398, Testing of lubricants Procedure for measurement of low temperature apparent viscosity by means of the Brookfield viscometer (liquid
42、 bath method) DIN 51418-1, X-ray spectrometry X-ray emissions and X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF) Part 1: Definitions and principles DIN 51418-2, X-ray spectrometry X-ray emissions and X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF) Part 2: Definitions and basic principles for measurements, calibration and eval
43、uation of results DIN 51451, Testing of petroleum products and related products Analysis by infrared spectrometry General working principles DIN 51631, Mineral spirits Special boiling point spirits Requirements DIN 51777-2, Testing of mineral oil-hydrocarbons and solvents Determination of the water
44、content according to Karl Fischer (indirect method) DIN 51805, Testing of lubricants Determination of flow pressure of lubricating greases Kesternich method DIN 51807-1, Testing of lubricants Test of the behaviour of lubricating greases in the presence of water Static test BS EN 16028:2012 EN 16028:
45、2012 (E) 8 DIN 51810-1, Testing of lubricants Determination of shear viscosity of lubricating greases by the rotational viscosimeter Part 1: System of cone / plate DIN 51811, Testing of lubricants Testing of corrosiveness to copper of greases Copper strip tarnish test DIN 51817, Testing of lubricant
46、s Determination of oil separation from greases under static conditions DIN 51820-1, Testing of lubricants Analysis of greases by infrared spectrometry Taking and evaluating an infrared spectrum ASTM D1831, Standard Test Method for Roll Stability of Lubricating Grease ASTM D4049, Standard Test Method
47、 for Determining the Resistance of Lubricating Grease to Water Spray IP 396, Determination of dropping point of lubricating grease Automatic apparatus method OECD 301 suite OECD Document Equivalent Standard 301a EN ISO 7827, Water quality Evaluation in an aqueous medium of the ultimate aerobic biodegradability of organic compounds Method by analysis of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) (ISO 7827) 301b EN ISO 9439, Water quality Evaluation of ultimate aerobic biodegradability of organic compounds in aqueous medium Carbon dioxide evolution
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