1、BSI Standards PublicationBS EN 16493:2014Water quality Nomenclaturalrequirements for the recordingof biodiversity data, taxonomicchecklists and keysBS EN 16493:2014 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of EN 16493:2014.The UK participation in its preparatio
2、n was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee EH/3/5, Biological Methods.A list of organizations represented on this committee can beobtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessaryprovisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correctapplication.
3、The British Standards Institution 2014. Published by BSI StandardsLimited 2014ISBN 978 0 580 76680 0ICS 07.100.20; 13.060.70Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligations.This British Standard was published under the authority of theStandards Policy and Strategy Comm
4、ittee on 31 August 2014.Amendments issued since publicationDate Text affectedBS EN 16493:2014EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM EN 16493 August 2014 ICS 07.100.20; 13.060.70 English Version Water quality - Nomenclatural requirements for the recording of biodiversity data, taxonomic ch
5、ecklists and keys Qualit de leau - Exigences nomenclaturales pour lenregistrement des donnes de biodiversit, les rfrentiels et les cls taxonomiques Wasserbeschaffenheit - Anforderungen an die Nomenklatur fr Aufzeichnungen ber Biodiversittsdaten, taxonomische Checklisten und Bestimmungsschlssel This
6、European Standard was approved by CEN on 18 July 2014. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
7、concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN membe
8、r into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Fran
9、ce, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KO
10、MITEE FR NORMUNG CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2014 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 16493:2014 EBS EN 16493:2014EN 16493:2014 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword 3 Introduction .4 1 Scope
11、 5 2 Terms and definitions .5 3 Taxonomic names6 3.1 General 6 3.2 Taxon name 6 3.3 Author citation .7 3.4 Nominate variety 8 3.5 Preferred names.8 3.6 Hybrids 9 3.7 Storage of data .9 Annex A (informative) Most important terms and their abbreviations used in nomenclature . 10 Bibliography . 12 BS E
12、N 16493:2014EN 16493:2014 (E) 3 Foreword This document (EN 16493:2014) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 230 “Water analysis”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or
13、 by endorsement, at the latest by February 2015, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by February 2015. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsibl
14、e for identifying any or all such patent rights. According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, F
15、ormer Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom. BS EN 16493:2014EN 16493:2014 (E) 4 In
16、troduction Assessments of ecological quality of aquatic systems are generally based on the taxonomic composition of the available, most relevant communities like macro-invertebrates, phytobenthos and phytoplankton. Consequently, the recording of taxonomic names is a major activity in hydrobiological
17、 studies. Scientific names of animals and plants should be unambiguous and unique to ensure effective communication. To achieve this goal internationally accepted rules have been established in nomenclatural codes, the most important of which is the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN
18、 1, from 2012 renamed ICN: International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants 2) and the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN 3). Various editions of each of these codes exist; a new edition of the Botanical Code is published every 6 years. The unfamiliarity of most techn
19、icians and ecologists with these codes is a major cause of the abundance of problems in ecological assessments and data storage. Unambiguous exchange of data between biological databases is often impossible and recorded names are often meaningless due to inaccurate application or the complete disreg
20、ard for nomenclatural rules. This European standard, therefore, aims at providing guidance to both technicians and ecologists on the proper writing, use and interpretation of taxonomic names to allow effective scientific communication at all levels. BS EN 16493:2014EN 16493:2014 (E) 5 1 Scope This E
21、uropean Standard describes the most relevant rules of the Botanical and Zoological Codes necessary for unequivocal recording of biodiversity in the aquatic environment. Furthermore, guidance is given on how to deal with taxonomic changes in relation to recorded taxonomic names. NOTE A Code only affe
22、cts taxonomic changes carried out in the period covered by that particular edition of the Code. 2 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 2.1 taxonomy scientific discipline of identifying and naming species, and arranging them into a classi
23、fication 2.2 taxon taxa, pl taxonomic entity (unit of determination) at any rank 2.3 taxonomic rank relative position of a taxon in the taxonomic hierarchy 2.4 taxonomic entity group or unit belonging to a certain taxonomic rank 2.5 epithet part of the scientific name of a taxon at the level of Genu
24、s or lower 2.6 type nomenclatural type is that element to which the name of a taxon is permanently attached 2.7 basionym previously published legitimate epithet-bringing name from which a new combination is formed 2.8 homonym name, spelled exactly like another name, published for a taxon of the same
25、 rank based on a different type 2.9 nominate variety variety automatically generated when other varieties of a given species are described 2.10 homotypic synonym nomenclatural synonym objective synonym synonym based on the same type as that of another name in the same rank BS EN 16493:2014EN 16493:2
26、014 (E) 6 2.11 heterotypic synonym taxonomic synonym subjective synonym synonym based on a type different from that of the accepted name 2.12 hybrid offspring resulting from the interbreeding of two different taxa at the level of Genus or lower 3 Taxonomic names 3.1 General Taxonomic names are scien
27、tific names of taxonomic entities. The most important entities (ranks) are written from low to high in the taxonomic hierarchy (in Latin, with common name given in brackets): Forma (form); Varietas (variety); Subspecies (subspecies); Species (species); Genus (genus); Familia (family); Ordo (order);
28、Classis (class); Phylum (phylum, sometimes indicated as Divisio or division); Regnum (kingdom). Taxonomic names shall meet the requirements set by the Codes, concerning correct (Latin or Latinized) spelling, gender, the use of punctuation marks, etc. (compare also Stearn 2004 4). In principle, only
29、validly published and legitimate names should be used. Occasionally the only available name for a taxon does not meet the rules of the respective Code, but is still widely used. Where this is the case, the only available taxon should be used. 3.2 Taxon name A distinction should be made between names
30、 at the level of genus and higher, species names and the names of infra-specific taxa. Scientific names of genera and higher taxa (family, order, class, etc.) are single (but occasionally compound) names, written with an initial capital letter. A genus may be subdivided. The name of such a subdivisi
31、on is a combination of a generic name and an infra-generic name also written with an initial capital letter. A connecting term (subgenus, section, etc.) is used to denote the rank. When it is appropriate to indicate the name of a subdivision of the genus in question, the infra-generic name should be
32、 placed in parentheses between the two. For the subdivision of other taxonomic ranks, the respective Codes should be consulted. The scientific name of a species is a combination of a generic name and a specific epithet (a “binomial“), the latter without an initial capital letter. Scientific names of
33、 infra-specific taxa (all taxa below the level of species, BS EN 16493:2014EN 16493:2014 (E) 7 such as subspecies, varieties, etc.) are combinations of three name parts (in zoology a trinomen and in botany a ternary name): a generic name and two epithets. In infra-specific zoological taxon names the
34、 three component names are placed in succession, indicating that a subspecies is being referred to. In infra-specific botanical taxon names, an indication of the taxonomic level should be given between the second and third name by abbreviated linking terms as, e.g. “subsp.” for subspecies; “var.” fo
35、r variety; or “f.” for forma. Epithets might be of very different origin; an important rule is that the gender of the genus name prescribes that of the epithets. Names of taxa at the level of genus and lower should be written in italics. Names of higher taxa and terms of taxonomic rank should be wri
36、tten in Roman type. When a species name or different species names belonging to the same genus are repeatedly mentioned in the text of a publication, the genus name should be written in full the first time it is mentioned, but may be abbreviated elsewhere to its initial and followed by a dot. Abbrev
37、iations of the genus name as mentioned above shall not be used when transferring data to databases. 3.3 Author citation Since taxonomic names might have different interpretations, for publication and data storage, a name shall always (at least at its first record) be accompanied by the citation of t
38、he author(s), including initials, and year of publication of its original, valid description, both written in Roman type. Unfortunately, the rules of correct citation in the prevailing codes are divergent. Unlike the Botanical Code, the Zoological Code requires that the year of publication is separa
39、ted by a comma from the authors name. When citing a botanical name including its author, the authors name is often abbreviated. To encourage consistency the Botanical Code recommends the use of Brummitt and Powell (1992) 5, where each author of a botanical name has been assigned a unique abbreviatio
40、n. Their work is continued in the International Plant Names Index 6. For absolute clarity, the authors name(s) and year of publication should be written in full. The impact of a typing error in abbreviations is larger than in the full name. When an author decides to change the classification (and he
41、nce the name) of a taxon described previously by another author, the name of the original describing author (or combination of authors) should appear between brackets in the final combination. In botanical taxa this is followed by the name of the revising author(s) and year of publication. Both taxo
42、n names are now considered synonyms; the original name-bringing synonym is generally called basionym. In general, the name (or combination of names) of the author(s) of a new taxon is the same as that of the paper in which the new name was published. In these cases, the original publication can easi
43、ly be traced. However, sometimes an author has published a new taxon in the work of a different author, in which case the names of both the describing and the publishing author should be given, connected by the word “in”. Due to inadequacies in the original description of a taxon, authors may give t
44、heir own interpretation of previously published names. To clearly indicate which interpretation is meant, and which is not, a whole series of terms may be used (see Annex A; see also Granzow 2000 7). In the exceptional case, that the same name was given to very different taxa (so-called homonyms), t
45、hese names can only be distinguished by their publishing authors. When homonyms belong to different regna (plants and animals), and hence fall under different Codes, they are permitted; if not, the later homonym should be given a new name. EXAMPLE a) Two interpretations of the same species name (a f
46、reshwater diatom): 1) Cymbella helvetica F.T. Ktzing 1844 sensu stricto; BS EN 16493:2014EN 16493:2014 (E) 8 2) Cymbella helvetica F.T. Ktzing 1844 sensu K. Krammer et H. Lange-Bertalot 1986. b) Two homonyms belonging to different regna: 1) Oenanthe C. Linnaeus 1753 (a macrophyte, following the ICBN
47、); 2) Oenanthe L.J.P. Vieillot, 1816 (a bird, following the ICZN). 3.4 Nominate variety The species concept is an often neglected subject in the treatment of taxon names in publications and databases. The current, most widely accepted view, in accordance with the Codes, is the monothetic species con
48、cept. In the monothetic concept a taxon comprises all related taxa of lower rank. Consequently, the definition of a family cannot conflict with that of any genus classified within it; the same holds for order and families, class and orders, etc. A special situation arises when a variety of a given s
49、pecies is described. The original species and its variety are considered of equal taxonomic value, both belonging to the original species. To emphasize this, the original species is now considered a “nominate variety“, where the varietal epithet is the same as that of the species, without repeating the author(s) and year of publication. The nominate variety (or subspecies or forma) is automatically generated when the first “true” variety (or subspecies or forma) is described. EXAMPLE Nitzschia sigma (F.T. Ktzing) W. Smith 1853 (
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