1、BSI Standards PublicationBS EN 16515:2015Conservation of CulturalHeritage Guidelines tocharacterize natural stone usedin cultural heritageBS EN 16515:2015 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of EN 16515:2015.The UK participation in its preparation was entr
2、usted to TechnicalCommittee B/560, Conservation of tangible cultural heritage.A list of organizations represented on this committee can beobtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessaryprovisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct
3、application. The British Standards Institution 2015. Published by BSI StandardsLimited 2015ISBN 978 0 580 81093 0ICS 97.195Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligations.This British Standard was published under the authority of theStandards Policy and Strategy Commi
4、ttee on 30 April 2015.Amendments issued since publicationDate Text affectedBS EN 16515:2015EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM EN 16515 April 2015 ICS 97.195 English Version Conservation of Cultural Heritage - Guidelines to characterize natural stone used in cultural heritage Conservat
5、ion du patrimoine culturel - Lignes directrices pour la caractrisation de la pierre naturelle utilise dans le patrimoine culturel Erhaltung des kulturellen Erbes - Leitfaden zur Charakterisierung von Naturstein in der Denkmalpflege This European Standard was approved by CEN on 7 February 2015. CEN m
6、embers are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on applic
7、ation to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Mana
8、gement Centre has the same status as the official versions. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvi
9、a, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marni
10、x 17, B-1000 Brussels 2015 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 16515:2015 EBS EN 16515:2015EN 16515:2015 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword 3 Introduction .4 1 Scope 5 2 Normative references 5 3 Terms and definitions .6 4 Pre
11、liminary operations 6 4.1 Initial survey .6 4.2 Sampling .7 5 Methodology to characterize sound and deteriorated material 7 5.1 Visual examination of specimens 7 5.2 Examination under petrographic microscope 7 5.3 Mineralogical analysis by X-ray diffraction (XRD) 8 5.4 Micro-structural examination b
12、y Scanning Electron Microscopy 8 5.5 Chemical analysis 8 5.6 Physical properties 8 5.6.1 General 8 5.6.2 Density, porosity and pore size distribution .8 5.6.3 Hydric behaviour9 5.6.4 Colour .9 5.7 Mechanical properties .9 5.7.1 General 9 5.7.2 Compressive Strength 9 5.7.3 Flexural strength 9 5.7.4 S
13、tatic modulus of elasticity 9 5.7.5 Dynamic modulus of elasticity .9 5.7.6 Sound speed propagation . 10 6 Characterization report 10 Bibliography . 11 BS EN 16515:2015EN 16515:2015 (E) 3 Foreword This document (EN 16515:2015) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 346 “Conservation of Cultu
14、ral Heritage”, the secretariat of which is held by UNI. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by October 2015 and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by October
15、2015. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organi
16、zations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, M
17、alta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom. BS EN 16515:2015EN 16515:2015 (E) 4 Introduction The characterization of a stone is an essential step for a conservation plan, in order to decide on appropriate remedi
18、al interventions, to achieve better working practices, and technologies for conservation interventions including stone replacements. Therefore, it is important that it is achieved through a consistent and uniform methodology. This document provides cultural heritage professionals with a guidance for
19、 a common methodology for the characterization of stones used in cultural heritage. This information is used to define nature (petrography or mineralogy and texture) and properties (chemical, physical and mechanical) of stone. The characterization of stones used in cultural heritage should be carrie
20、d out and interpreted by professionals experienced in the field of materials science and/or conservation/restoration. BS EN 16515:2015EN 16515:2015 (E) 5 1 Scope This European Standard specifies a methodology for the characterization of sound or deteriorated stones by using the most appropriate anal
21、ytical techniques on samples taken from the object. This European Standard contains guidelines for the selection of methods to determine mineralogical, textural, physical, chemical and mechanical properties of natural stone used in cultural heritage monuments and objects. This information is used to
22、 define rock typology and to evaluate the stones condition with respect to its conservation as well as for understanding of deterioration processes of natural stone. Where possible existing standards are referred to and guidance provided where different specimens are required and additional methods
23、used. The methods described are generally destructive, however, non-destructive (NDT) methods are always preferable to methods with a minimum of destruction and those are always preferable to destructive methods. Methods used for stone analysis can vary depending upon the objectives of the work. All
24、 investigation and analysis need be proportional to the significance of the building or artefact being investigated, its condition and the likely level of intervention. This European Standard will be used to determine the kind, extent, and objectives of the examination to be made. 2 Normative refere
25、nces The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN
26、 1926, Natural stone test methods Determination of uniaxial compressive strength EN 1936, Natural stone test methods Determination of real density and apparent density, and of total and open porosity EN 12372, Natural stone test methods Determination of flexural strength under concen trated load EN
27、13755, Natural stone test methods Determination of water absorption at atmospheric pressure EN 14146, Natural stone test methods Determination of the dynamic modulus of elasticity (by measuring the fundamental resonance frequency) EN 14579, Natural stone test methods Determination of sound speed pro
28、pagation EN 14580, Natural stone test methods Determination of static elastic modulus EN 15801, Conservation of cultural property Test methods Determination of water absorption by capillarity EN 15803, Conservation of cultural property Test methods Determination of water vapour permeability (p) EN 1
29、5886, Conservation of cultural property Test methods Colour measurement of surfaces EN 15898, Conservation of cultural property Ma in general terms and definitions EN 16085, Conservation of Cultural property Methodology for sampling from materials of cultural property General rules EN 16322, Conserv
30、ation of Cultural Heritage Test methods Determination of drying properties BS EN 16515:2015EN 16515:2015 (E) 6 EN 16455, Conservation of cultural heritage Dissolution and determination of soluble salts in natural stone and related materials used in cultural heritage 3 Terms and definitions For the p
31、urposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in EN 15898 and EN 16085 and the following apply. 3.1 investigation gathering of information necessary for a conservation decision making process 3.2 sample number of specimens of material, ideally representative, removed from the cultural pr
32、operty for scientific investigation SOURCE: EN 16085, modified 3.3 sampling process of removing a sample 3.4 specimen single individual piece of stone forming one portion of a sample 3.5 sound material stone showing an un-altered state under visual observation with the naked eye 3.6 deteriorated mat
33、erial stone showing evidence of alteration under visual observation with the naked eye 3.7 analysis investigation of natural stone which supplies important information to establish its nature and properties 3.8 petrography description of the mineral content and the textural relationships of rock, ba
34、sed on observation of hand specimen and thin microscopic section 4 Preliminary operations 4.1 Initial survey An initial survey of the object together with the objectives of the stone characterization and the description of the context are essential for the selection of the analytical methodology tha
35、t is to be followed. Where the object is part of the immovable heritage a condition survey should be undertaken in accordance with EN 16096 or if the object is part of the moveable heritage a condition report should be made in accordance with EN 16095. The condition report or survey should be supple
36、mented by sufficient information to allow a preliminary assessment of the stone and its condition. This preliminary assessment should include general stone type, the macroscopic characteristics, such as colour and texture, structural aspects and apparent condition. BS EN 16515:2015EN 16515:2015 (E)
37、7 4.2 Sampling Sampling shall be undertaken in accordance with EN 16085. In all cases, the location, the orientation, the number, the amount, the size and the shape of the specimens used should be documented in the test report. In accordance with the initial survey, it should be stated whether the s
38、tone specimen to be characterized is derived from sound or deteriorated part of the stone. 5 Methodology to characterize sound and deteriorated material 5.1 Visual examination of specimens A visual examination of the specimens is undertaken. When specimens are examined using a stereo-microscope this
39、 should be in accordance with EN 12407:2007, Clause 6. In the case of natural stone used in cultural heritage objects this enables an initial assessment of their condition, colour range or overall colour, porosity, grain, weathering patterns, along with other features such as cracks, veins, voids, f
40、illings, bedding, cleavage, macro-fossils, staining, inclusions, fabrication issues, etc. If further information is required an accurate and detailed petrographic assessment can be undertaken by an experienced professional at a later date. 5.2 Examination under petrographic microscope Petrographic d
41、escription of a stone material by examination of thin sections under an optical microscope in transmitted, polarized light should be carried out in accordance with EN 12407:2007 Clause 7. The petrographic description of thin and polished sections provides information on composition, grain constituen
42、ts or mineral, their type and their abundance, on texture, grain size, shape and orientation, micro-structures, discontinuities, veins, fissures, porosity, etc. In addition to the above, when applicable, petrographic examination of natural stone used in cultural heritage objects should identify weat
43、hered or otherwise altered constituents or minerals and describe the extent of that weathering or alteration. The following information should also be included: a) the stratigraphy of any surface layers (if present); b) the width of every different weathering layer; c) the adhesion and cohesion betw
44、een the altered layers and the sound stone; d) the presence of any signs of biodeterioration; e) the character of the weathering, providing information on the decay process; f) a basic hypothesis on the deterioration mechanism and agents that affect the stone. g) surface soiling its nature, level of
45、 adhesion and whether this seems to be contributing to deterioration or is merely disfiguring. Any modification of the original characteristics of the sample during the preparation of the thin sections shall be avoided. Excessive heating (temperatures of 45 C) should be avoided during the preparatio
46、n of the thin sections. Exposure to water should be kept to a minimum in order to avoid the occurrence of secondary hydration and the loss of water soluble compounds from the sample. BS EN 16515:2015EN 16515:2015 (E) 8 5.3 Mineralogical analysis by X-ray diffraction (XRD) When optical examinations a
47、re insufficient, the mineralogical composition of the crystalline components of stones including clay products and salt efflorescence can be determined by powder X-ray diffraction. In case of clastic sediments, the cementing material should be analysed separately from the clastic fragments. In case
48、of clay-containing stones, a specific methodology should be followed aiming to determine the nature of the clay phase and to enhance the intensity of peaks attributed. In addition to the examination above listed, further information can be achieved by the following methods. 5.4 Micro-structural exam
49、ination by Scanning Electron Microscopy A Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), equipped with Energy or Wavelength Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS or WDS) allows morphological, microstructural and morphometric examination of the surface of the samples/sections as received or polished along with qualitative and quantitative elemental analysis, as well as mapping of the elements. In addition to the mapping of elements, SEM makes it possible to identify and map the location of soluble salt crystals. Further information could be achieved by com
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