1、BS EN 16681:2016Steel static storage systems Adjustable pallet rackingsystems Principles forseismic designBSI Standards PublicationBS EN 16681:2016 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of EN 16681:2016.The UK committee abstained from voting on this standard
2、 as they are of the opinion that there are generally no requirements in the UK to consider seismic loading, and that the whole of the UK may be considered an area of very low seismicity in which the provisions of EN 16681 need not apply.The role of racking structures is such that they reside in cons
3、equence classes CC1 or CC2. Exceptionally, however, certain racking structures may warrant an explicit consideration of seismic actions. Background information on application in the UK has been published in PD 6698:2009.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee MHE
4、/8, Steel shelving, bins and lockers.A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. The British Standards Ins
5、titution 2016. Published by BSI Standards Limited 2016ISBN 978 0 580 84027 2ICS 53.080Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations.This British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 August 2016.Amendments/c
6、orrigenda issued since publicationDate Text affectedBS EN 16681:20162“ EN 16681 trsx wurzr ytrsx 22 “ o CEN-CENELECManagement Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 9trsx sxxzstrsxBS EN 16681:2016EN 16681:2016 (E) 2 Contents Page European foreword . 5 0 Introduction 5 1 Scope 8 2 Normative refere
7、nces 8 3 Terms and definitions . 9 4 Symbols and abbreviations 10 4.1 Symbols 10 4.2 Abbreviations 12 5 Performance requirements and compliance criteria . 13 5.1 Applicability . 13 5.2 Performance requirements 13 5.2.1 No collapse requirement . 13 5.2.2 Damage limitation requirement . 13 5.2.3 Movem
8、ent of unit loads 13 6 Ground conditions and seismic action . 14 6.1 General . 14 6.2 Damping 14 6.3 Importance factor I 14 6.4 Horizontal component of the seismic action 15 6.5 Vertical component of the seismic action . 15 6.6 Design ground displacement . 15 6.7 Racks supported by suspended floors
9、16 7 Methods of analysis . 16 7.1 General . 16 7.2 Limitation of the vertical load referred to the critical Euler Load . 16 7.3 Inter-storey drift sensitivity coefficient 16 7.4 Analysis procedures 17 7.4.1 General . 17 7.4.2 Second order effects 17 7.4.3 Lateral Force Method of Analysis (LFMA) . 18
10、 7.4.4 Modal Response Spectrum Analysis (MRSA) 20 7.4.5 Large Displacement Method of Analysis (LDMA) . 20 7.4.6 Combination of the effects of the components of the seismic action . 20 7.4.7 Displacements calculation 21 7.5 Design parameters for seismic analysis 21 7.5.1 General . 21 7.5.2 Design spe
11、ctrum modification factors . 21 7.5.3 Unit load-beam friction coefficients 22 7.5.4 Design seismic weight of the unit load . 23 7.5.5 Unit load weight modification factor 23 7.5.6 Other seismic weights 24 7.5.7 Weight of the seismic masses 24 7.5.8 Position of the centre of gravity of the unit load
12、24 7.5.9 Positioning tolerances 26 BS EN 16681:2016EN 16681:2016 (E) 3 7.5.10 Structural regularity criteria 26 7.6 Modelling assumptions for structural analysis . 27 7.6.1 Sub-modelling 27 7.6.2 Distribution of the masses . 27 7.6.3 Specific modelling requirements for the analysis 28 7.6.4 Moment r
13、edistribution near the uprights base due to the floor reaction 29 8 Specific rules 31 8.1 Design concepts . 31 8.1.1 General . 31 8.1.2 Materials 31 8.1.3 Structural systems 32 8.1.4 Regularity criteria 32 8.1.5 Unbraced racks 38 8.1.6 Rules for the design of low dissipative structures 39 8.1.7 Rule
14、s for the design of dissipative structures 39 8.1.8 Anchoring conditions 39 8.2 Structural systems withstanding the seismic action . 40 8.3 Structural types and behaviour factor 41 8.3.1 Upright frames . 41 8.3.2 Moment resisting frames . 42 8.3.3 Racks with vertical bracings in down aisle direction
15、 44 9 Seismic analysis and design 47 9.1 Actions 47 9.1.1 Actions to be considered simultaneously with earthquake 47 9.1.2 Actions not to be considered simultaneously with earthquake 47 9.2 Safety Verifications 48 9.2.1 Ultimate limit states 48 9.2.2 Movements of the unit loads . 49 9.3 Pallet beam
16、design . 50 9.3.1 Actions on pallet beams . 50 9.3.2 Buckling length in the horizontal plane . 51 9.3.3 Correction coefficient for horizontal bending . 52 9.3.4 Buckling length factor in the vertical plane 52 9.3.5 Beam design check . 52 Annex A (informative) Analysis methods including second order
17、effects 54 Annex B (normative) Evaluation of the unit load beam friction coefficient . 61 Annex C (informative) Principles for modelling the unit load masses . 66 Annex D (informative) Simplified method to evaluate the influence of the centre of gravity of the pallet regarding the beam level . 69 An
18、nex E (informative) Principles for the design of racks supported by floors . 70 Annex F (normative) Additional detailing rules for dissipative elements (Concept B) . 72 Annex G (normative) Testing procedure for beam-upright and floor connections for dissipative design (concept B) . 73 Annex H (infor
19、mative) Assessment of the stability of the unit load 76 Annex I (informative) Data to be exchanged between the Specifier/End User and the Racks Supplier 78 Annex J (normative) Complementary rules to EN 15635 79 BS EN 16681:2016EN 16681:2016 (E) 4 Annex K (informative) Complementary rules to EN 15629
20、 Warehouse environmental condition category . 80 Annex L (informative) Adeviations . 81 Bibliography . 83 BS EN 16681:2016EN 16681:2016 (E) 5 European foreword This document (EN 16681:2016) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 344 “Steel static storage systems”, the secretariat of which i
21、s held by UNI. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by December 2016 and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by December 2016. Attention is drawn to the possibi
22、lity that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are
23、bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Port
24、ugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom. BS EN 16681:2016EN 16681:2016 (E) 6 0 Introduction 0.1 Effects of seismic actions on racking systems Racking systems are load bearing structures for the storage and retrieval of goods in warehouses. The goo
25、ds are generally stored on pallets or in box containers. Racking systems are constructed from steel components; although components are standardized, they are only standard to each manufacturer. These components differ from traditional steel components in the following regard: a) continuous perforat
26、ed uprights; b) hook-in connections; c) structural components for racking, which generally consist of cold formed thin gauge members. In respect of the loads, the self-weight of a rack structure is typically very small or negligible with respect to the total mass, whereas in a typical building the p
27、ercentage of dead and permanent loads will be much greater. The nature and the distribution of the goods stored on racking systems strongly affect the response and the safety of the structure under seismic actions. In fact: unit loads are in general simply supported vertically by the racking structu
28、re and kept in their position when loaded by inertial actions only by friction; unit loads are in general sub-structures with distinct dynami c characteristics in terms of frequency and damping, and their behaviour affect the response of the system. During real earthquakes or earthquake simulated on
29、 shaking tables, movements of pallets on pallet beams were observed; these were either very small ones, contributing to the dissipation of energy by means of friction, or very large, with movements of the pallets that produced their falling between beams or outside the rack in the aisle. For this re
30、ason, friction between pallet and pallet beam and internal damping in the unit load has a relevant influence in the dynamic response of the rack and affects the entity of the inertial actions. Also, the safety of the installation related to the movement and eventual falling of the pallets requires a
31、 proper assessment. This European Standard deals with all the relevant and specific seismic design issues for racking systems, based on the criteria of EN 1998-1:2004, Eurocode 8. 0.2 Requirements for EN Standards for racking and shelving in addition to Eurocodes While the basic technical descriptio
32、n of an earthquake is the same for all structures, the general principles and technical requirements applicable for conventional steel structures have to be adapted for racking systems, in order to take into account the peculiarities of racking to achieve the requested safety level. Also, the method
33、s of analysis and the design requirements need to be addressed to the peculiarity of racking structures. The scope of CEN/TC 344 is to establish European Standards providing guidance for the specification, design methods, accuracy of build and guidance for the user on the safe use of steel static st
34、orage systems. BS EN 16681:2016EN 16681:2016 (E) 7 This, together with the need of harmonized design rules was the reason that European Racking Federation ERF/FEM Racking and Shelving has taken the initiative for CEN/TC 344. CEN/TC 344 is in the course of preparation of a number of European Standard
35、s for specific types of racking and shelving and particular applications, which exist in the European Standards (EN) and working group activities (WG). 0.3 Liaison CEN/TC 344 “Steel Static Storage Systems” liaise with CEN/TC 250 “Structural Eurocodes”, CEN/TC 135 “Execution of steel structures and a
36、luminium structures” and CEN/TC 149 “Power operated warehouse equipment”. 0.4 Additional information specific to EN 16681 This European Standard is intended to be used with EN 1998-1, EN 15512 and related standards. EN 1998-1 is the first of 6 parts; it gives design rules intended to be used for str
37、uctures fabricated with conventional materials, including steel. EN 15512 is the reference standard for the design of racking structures and components; it addresses the principles of the EN 1990, Eurocode, and EN 1993 series, Eurocode 3, to the adjustable pallet racking systems and it needs to be applied also when actions are produced by an earthquake. BS EN 16681:2016EN 16681:2016 (E) 8 1 Scope This European Standard specifies the structural design requirements applicable to all types of adjustable pallet racking systems fabricated from steel members, intended for storage of unit loads and
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