1、BS EN 19694-3:2016 Stationary source emissions Determination of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in energy- intensive industries Part 3: Cement industry BSI Standards Publication WB11885_BSI_StandardCovs_2013_AW.indd 1 15/05/2013 15:06BS EN 19694-3:2016 BRITISH STANDARD National foreword This British
2、Standard is the UK implementation of EN 19694-3:2016. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee EH/2/1, Stationary source emission. A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary. This publication does not purport
3、to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. The British Standards Institution 2016. Published by BSI Standards Limited 2016 ISBN 978 0 580 87114 6 ICS 13.040.40 Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligati
4、ons. This British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 July 2016. Amendments issued since publication Date Text affectedBS EN 19694-3:2016EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM EN 19694-3 July 2016 ICS 13.040.40 English Version St
5、ationary source emissions - Determination of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in energy-intensive industries - Part 3: Cement industry missions de sources fixes - Dtermination des missions de gaz effet de serre (GES) dans les industries nergo-intensives - Partie 3: Industrie du ciment Emissionen aus s
6、tationren Quellen - Bestimmung von Treibhausgasen (THG) aus energieintensiven Industrien - Teil 3: Zementindustrie This European Standard was approved by CEN on 5 May 2016. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this Europe
7、an Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists in three official versions
8、(English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belg
9、ium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switze
10、rland, Turkey and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2016 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national
11、 Members. Ref. No. EN 19694-3:2016 EBS EN 19694-3:2016 EN 19694-3:2016 (E) 2 Contents Page European foreword . 4 Introduction 5 1 Scope 9 2 Normative references 9 3 Terms and definitions . 9 4 Symbols and abbreviated terms . 12 5 Determination of GHGs based on the mass balance method 13 5.1 General
12、. 13 5.2 Major GHG in cement 14 5.3 Determination based on mass balance 14 5.4 Determination by stack emission measurements 14 5.5 Gross and net emissions 14 6 System boundaries 21 6.1 General . 21 6.2 Operational boundaries . 21 6.3 Organizational boundaries . 22 7 Direct GHG emissions and their de
13、termination 25 7.1 General . 25 7.2 CO 2 from raw material calcinations . 28 7.3 Reporting of CO 2 emissions from raw material calcination based on clinker output: summary of IPCC and CSI recommendations and default emission factor for clinker . 37 7.4 Determining the FD calcination rate . 38 7.5 Di
14、rect determination of the CO 2 emission factor of FD from analysis of CO 2 content . 39 7.6 Cement specific issues for fuels 39 7.7 GHG from fuels for kilns . 41 7.8 GHG from non-kiln fuels 41 7.9 GHG from the combustion of wastewater 42 7.10 Non-CO 2 GHG emissions from the cement industry . 42 8 En
15、ergy indirect and other indirect GHG emissions and their determination 43 8.1 General . 43 8.2 CO 2 from external electricity production 43 8.3 CO 2 from bought clinker 44 9 Baselines, acquisitions and disinvestments . 44 10 Reporting 45 10.1 General . 45 10.2 Corporate environmental reporting . 45
16、10.3 Reporting periods 46 10.4 Performance indicators . 47 11 Uncertainty of GHG inventories 53 11.1 Introduction to uncertainty assessment . 53 11.2 Uncertainty of activity data 56 11.3 Uncertainties of fuel and material parameters . 56 BS EN 19694-3:2016 EN 19694-3:2016 (E) 3 11.4 Uncertainties of
17、 continuous stack emission measurements 57 11.5 Evaluation of the overall uncertainty of a GHG inventory . 58 11.6 Application of default values instead of analysing results 58 12 Considerations for applying this standard (verification procedure) 59 Annex A (informative) Findings from the field test
18、s (analytical interferences). 61 Annex B (informative) Emission factors 65 Annex C (informative) Uncertainty of activity data . 67 Annex D (informative) Overview on terms in a cement plant 73 Bibliography . 75 BS EN 19694-3:2016 EN 19694-3:2016 (E) 4 European foreword This document (EN 19694-3:2016)
19、 has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 264 “Air quality”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by January 2017, and conflicting national
20、standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by January 2017. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. This document has been pre
21、pared under a mandate M/478 given to CEN by the European Commission and the European Free Trade Association. EN 19694, Stationary source emissions Determination of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in energy- intensive industries is a series of standards that consists of the following parts: Part 1: Ge
22、neral aspects Part 2: Iron and steel industry Part 3: Cement industry Part 4: Aluminium industry Part 5: Lime industry Part 6: Ferroalloy industry According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European S
23、tandard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia,
24、 Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom. BS EN 19694-3:2016 EN 19694-3:2016 (E) 5 Introduction This European Standard for the cement industry has been based on the WBCSD/CSI and WRI: “CO 2 and Energy Accounting and Reporting Standard for the Cement Industry” 1. Overview of cement
25、manufacturing process Cement manufacture includes three main process steps (see Figure 1): a) preparing of raw materials and fuels; b) producing clinker, an intermediate, through pyro-processing of raw materials; c) grinding and blending clinker with other products (“mineral components”) to make cem
26、ent. There are two main sources of direct CO 2 emissions in the production process: calcination of raw materials in the pyro-processing stage, and combustion of kiln fuels. These two sources are described in more detail below. Other CO 2 sources include direct GHG emissions from non-kiln fuels (e.g.
27、 dryers for cement constituents products, room heating, on-site transports and on-site power generation), and indirect GHG emissions from, e.g. external power production and transports. Non-CO 2 greenhouse gases covered by the Kyoto Protocol 1, apart from carbon monoxide (CO) methane (CH 4) and nitr
28、ous oxide (N 2O), are not relevant in the cement context, in the sense that direct GHG emissions of these gases are negligible. Figure 1 Process steps in cement manufacture (source: Ellis 2000, based on Ruth et al. 2000) 1Methane (CH 4), nitrous oxide (N 2O), sulfur hexafluoride (SF 6), partly halog
29、enated fluorohydrogencarbons (HFC) and perfluorated hydrocarbons (PFC) BS EN 19694-3:2016 EN 19694-3:2016 (E) 6 Table 1 Overview of input places of materials Raw meal Input place Raw materials from natural resources Raw mill Alternative raw materials Raw mill Raw material flows for clinker productio
30、n Input place Raw meal Kiln feed Fuel ashes Burner or precalciner or fuel dryer Additional raw materials not part of the kiln feed Kiln inlet Fuels flows for clinker and cement production Input place Fossil fuels Burner or precalciner or fuel dryer or raw material dryer Alternative fuels Burner or p
31、recalciner or fuel dryer or raw material dryer Alternative fossil fuels Burner or precalciner or fuel dryer or raw material dryer Mixed fuels Burner or precalciner or fuel dryer or raw material dryer Biomass fuels Burner or precalciner or fuel dryer or raw material dryer Cement kiln dust Output plac
32、e Dust return Preheater Filter dust Precipitator / filter By pass dust Bypass filter Cement constituents based products Output place Clinker Kiln (cooler) Cement Cement mill Blast furnace slag Cement mill or grinding station Fly ash Cement mill or grinding station Gypsum Cement mill or grinding stat
33、ion Cooler dust Cooler, is normally added to the clinker flow to the clinker silo Cement kiln dust Preheater or precipitator or filter or bypass filter Limestone Cement mill or grinding station Burnt shale Cement mill or grinding station Pozzolana Cement mill or grinding station Silica fume Cement m
34、ill or grinding station BS EN 19694-3:2016 EN 19694-3:2016 (E) 7 CO 2 from calcination of raw materials In the clinker production process, CO 2 is released due to the chemical decomposition of calcium, magnesium and other carbonates (e.g. from limestone) into lime: CaCO 3 + heat CaO + CO 2 MgCO 3 +
35、heat MgO + CO 2 This process is called “calcining“ or “calcination“. It results in direct CO 2 emissions through the kiln stack. When considering CO 2 emissions due to calcination, two components may be distinguished: CO 2 from raw materials actually used for clinker production, these raw materials
36、are fully calcined in the clinker production process; CO 2 from raw materials leaving the kiln system as partly calcined cement kiln dust (CKD), or as normally fully calcined bypass dust. CO 2 from actual clinker production is proportional to the lime content of the clinker, 2 , which in turn varies
37、 little in time or between different cement plants. As a result, the CO 2 emission factor per tonne of clinker is fairly stable with a default value in this standard of 525 kg CO 2/t clinker (IPCC default: 510 kg CO 2/t clinker, CSI default: 525 kg CO 2/t clinker 19). The amount of kiln dust leaving
38、 the kiln system varies greatly with kiln types and cement quality standards, ranging from practically zero to over one hundred kilograms per tonne of clinker. The associated emissions are likely to be relevant in some countries or installations. CO 2 emissions from calcination of raw materials may
39、be calculated by two methods which are in principle equivalent: Either based on the amount and chemical composition of the products (clinker plus dust leaving the kiln system, output methods B1 and B2), or based on the amount and composition of the raw materials entering the kiln (input methods A1 a
40、nd A2). See 7.2.1, 7.2.2 for details. CO 2 from organic carbon in raw materials The raw materials used for clinker production usually contain a small fraction of organic carbon, which may be expressed as total organic carbon (TOC) content. Organic carbon in the raw meal is converted to CO 2 during p
41、yro-processing. The contribution of this component to the overall CO 2 emissions of a cement plant is typically very small (about 1 % or less). The organic carbon contents of raw materials may, however, vary substantially between locations and between the types of materials used. For example, the re
42、sulting emissions may be relevant if a cement company organization (used in this standard) consumes large quantities of certain types of fly ash or shale as raw materials entering the kiln. CO 2 from fuels for kiln operation The cement industry traditionally uses various fossil fuels to operate ceme
43、nt kilns, including coal, petroleum coke, fuel oil, and natural gas. Fuels derived from waste materials have become important substitutes for traditional fossil fuels. These alternative fuels (AF) include fossil fuel-derived fractions such as, e.g. waste oil and plastics, as well as biomass-derived
44、fractions such as waste wood and dewatered sludge from wastewater treatment. Furthermore fuels are increasingly used which contain both fossil and biogenic carbon (mixed fuels), like e.g. (pre-treated) municipal and (pre-treated) industrial wastes (containing plastics, textiles, paper etc.) or waste
45、 tyres (containing natural and synthetic rubber). 2A second, but much smaller factor is the CaO and MgO content of the raw materials and additives used. BS EN 19694-3:2016 EN 19694-3:2016 (E) 8 Both traditional fossil and alternative fuels result in direct CO 2 emissions through the kiln stack. Howe
46、ver, biomass and bioliquids are considered “climate change-neutral“ in accordance with IPCC definitions. Use of alternative (biomass- or fossil-derived) fuels may, in addition, lead to important emission reductions elsewhere, for instance from waste incineration plants or landfills. Mineral componen
47、ts (MIC) are natural and artificial materials with latent hydraulic properties. Examples of MIC include natural pozzolana, blast furnace slag, and fly ash. In addition, gypsum is within this standard labelled as MIC. MICs are added to clinker to produce blended cement. In some instances, pure MICs a
48、re directly added to the concrete by the ready-mix or construction company. Use of MICs leads to an equivalent reduction of direct CO 2 emissions associated with clinker production, both from calcination and fuel combustion. Artificial MICs are waste materials from other production processes such as
49、, e.g. steel and coal-fired power production. Related GHG emissions are monitored and reported by the corresponding industry sector. Utilization of these MICs for clinker or cement substitution does not entail additional GHG emissions at the production site. Consequently, these indirect GHG emissions shall not be included in the cement production inventory. The basic mass balance methods used in this standard are compatible with the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories issued by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Ch
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