1、BS EN 19694-4:2016Stationary source emissions Determination of greenhousegas (GHG) emissions in energy-intensive industriesPart 4: Aluminium industryBSI Standards PublicationWB11885_BSI_StandardCovs_2013_AW.indd 1 15/05/2013 15:06BS EN 19694-4:2016 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Stand
2、ard is the UK implementation of EN 19694-4:2016.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee EH/2/1, Stationary source emission.A list of organizations represented on this committee can beobtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include
3、 all the necessaryprovisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correctapplication. The British Standards Institution 2016.Published by BSI Standards Limited 2016ISBN 978 0 580 87115 3ICS 13.040.40Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligations.This British
4、Standard was published under the authority of theStandards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 July 2016.Amendments/corrigenda issued since publicationDate T e x t a f f e c t e dBS EN 19694-4:2016EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM EN 19694-4 July 2016 ICS 13.040.40 English Version St
5、ationary source emissions - Determination of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in energy-intensive industries - Part 4: Aluminium industry missions de sources fixes - Dtermination des missions de gaz effet de serre (GES) dans les industries nergo-intensives - Partie 4: Industrie de laluminium Emissione
6、n aus stationren Quellen - Bestimmung von Treibhausgasen (THG) aus energieintensiven Industrien - Teil 4: Aluminiumindustrie This European Standard was approved by CEN on 5 May 2016. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving t
7、his European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists in three official
8、 versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Aus
9、tria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Swed
10、en, Switzerland, Turkey andUnited Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2016 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN
11、 national Members. Ref. No. EN 19694-4:2016 EBS EN 19694-4:2016EN 19694-4:2016 (E) 2 Contents Page European foreword . 3 Introduction 4 1 Scope 5 2 Normative references 5 3 Terms and definitions . 5 4 List of abbreviated terms . 5 5 Symbols, units and chemical formulae 6 5.1 Symbols and units . 6 5.
12、2 Chemical formulae 7 6 Calculation methods General remarks. 8 6.1 Introduction 8 6.2 Calculation methods for process GHG emissions from primary aluminium production . 8 6.3 Sources of carbon dioxide 9 6.4 Sources of PFC 9 7 Methods for calculation of process carbon dioxide emissions 10 7.1 General
13、. 10 7.2 Tier 1 Method using process specific equations with technology typical parameters for carbon dioxide emissions . 10 7.3 Tier 2 Method using process specific equations with facility specific parameters for carbon dioxide emissions . 10 7.4 Calculation of carbon dioxide emissions from prebake
14、 processes 10 7.5 Baking furnace carbon dioxide emissions 12 7.6 Calculation of carbon dioxide emissions from the Sderberg process. 16 8 Methods for calculation of PFC emissions . 18 8.1 Introduction . 18 8.2 Tier 1 method for calculating PFC emissions . 18 8.3 Tier 2 method for calculating PFC emis
15、sions . 19 8.4 Calculation of PFC emissions from aluminium reduction processes 19 8.5 Verification of GHG calculation . 22 9 Key performance indicators. 22 Bibliography . 24 BS EN 19694-4:2016EN 19694-4:2016 (E) 3 European foreword This document (EN 19694-4:2016) has been prepared by Technical Commi
16、ttee CEN/TC 264 “Air quality”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by January 2017, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the l
17、atest by January 2017. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. This document has been prepared under a mandate M/478 given to
18、CEN by the European Commission and the European Free Trade Association. EN 19694, Stationary source emissions Determination of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in energy-intensive industries is a series of standards that consists of the following parts: Part 1: General aspects Part 2: Iron and steel i
19、ndustry Part 3: Cement industry Part 4: Aluminium industry Part 5: Lime industry Part 6: Ferroalloy industry According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, C
20、roatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey an
21、d the United Kingdom. BS EN 19694-4:2016EN 19694-4:2016 (E) 4 Introduction This European Standard serves the following purposes: measuring, testing and quantifying GHG emissions from the aluminium industry; assessing the level of GHG emissions performance of production processes over time, at produc
22、tion sites; establishing and providing reliable, accurate and quality information for reporting and verification purposes. This European Standard can be used to measure, report and compare the GHG emissions of an aluminium production facility. Data for individual facilities, sites or works may be co
23、mbined to measure, report and compare GHG emissions for a company, corporation or group. Direct fuel based emissions are not included; for calculation of this part of the GHG emissions, see EN 196941. The European Standard deals with sector-specific aspects for the determination of greenhouse gas (G
24、HG) emissions from aluminium production and is based on documents mentioned under tier 3 of Section 4.4.2.4 of the 2006 IPCC guidelines 6. BS EN 19694-4:2016EN 19694-4:2016 (E) 5 1 Scope This European Standard specifies a harmonized method for calculating the emissions of greenhouse gases from the e
25、lectrolysis section of primary aluminium smelters and aluminium anode baking plants. It also specifies key performance indicators for the purpose of benchmarking of aluminium. This also defines the boundaries. NOTE Other requirements and other EU Directives may be applicable to the product(s) fallin
26、g within the scope of this standard. 2 Normative references The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the ref
27、erenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN 19694-1, Stationary source emissions Determination of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in energy-intensive industries Part 1: General aspects 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in EN 19694-1
28、 and the following apply. 3.1 aluminium electrolysis section of an aluminium primary smelter where aluminium is converted from aluminium oxide to aluminium metal in electrolysis cells 3.2 anode baking plant production of carbon anodes for use in aluminium prebake electrolysis cells 3.3 PFC gases gas
29、 emitted from aluminium electrolysis consisting of CF4and C2F63.4 grid specific CO2factor CO2factor (t CO2/MWh) associated with the electricity delivered to a specific aluminium smelter from their supplier 4 List of abbreviated terms AE Anode effect CWPB Centre-Worked prebake DAE Direct anode emissi
30、ons DEE Direct electrolysis emissions GHG Green House Gas BS EN 19694-4:2016EN 19694-4:2016 (E) 6 HSS Horizontal Stud Sderberg IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change PFPB Point Feeder prebake SWPB Side-Worked prebake TIE Electrolysis electricity consumption VSS Vertical Stud Sderberg WBCSD W
31、orld Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD) WRI World Resources Institute 5 Symbols, units and chemical formulae 5.1 Symbols and units Symbol Quantity Unit AEMAnode effects, (= frequency x average duration) minutes/cell day AEOAnode effect overvoltage millivolts ANC Net anode consumpti
32、on wt % AshaAsh content in baked anodes wt % AshpAsh content in pitch in weight % wt % AshpcAsh content in packing coke, wt % wt % BA Baked anode production tonne/year BAW Baked anode weight tonne CBACarbon content of baked anodes, wt % CButtCarbon content of anode butts tonne/year CECurrent efficie
33、ncy for aluminium production % CSMEmissions of cyclohexane soluble matter, kilograms per tonnes aluminium kg/tonne 4CFE Emissions of tetrafluoromethane, kg CF4per year kg/year 26CFEEmissions of hexafluoroethane, kg C2F6per year kg/year 2COECO2emissions in tonnes per year tonne/year EFPCEmission fact
34、or of Packing Coke, tCO2/t of Packing Coke tonne BS EN 19694-4:2016EN 19694-4:2016 (E) 7 Symbol Quantity Unit 264CFCFFWeight fraction of 264CFCFdimensionless GAWeight of loaded green anodes =AWAWGBAB tonne/year GAW Green anode weight tonne GWPGlobal warming potential. Use latest GWPdata from IPCC to
35、nnes CO2equivalent/tonne Hw Hydrogen content in green anode wt % MBATotal mass of baked anodes tonne/year MButtTotal mass of anode butts tonne/year MPTonnes aluminium per year tonne/year NACNet anode consumption, tonnes per tonnes aluminium tonne/year OFPCOxidation factor of packing coke (typically
36、1 for this stream) dimensionless OVCOvervoltage coefficient for CF4kgCF4/tAl/mV PCPaste consumption, tonnes per tonnes aluminium tonne PCCPacking coke consumed per tonnes of baked anode tonne PCWPacking coke weight tonne 4CFREmission rates of CF4, kg per tonne of aluminium produced kg/tonne 26CFREmi
37、ssion rates of C2F6, kg per tonne of aluminium produced kg/tonne SaSulphur content in baked anodes wt % 4CFSSlope coefficient for CF4, kg CF4per tonne aluminium per anode effect minute per cell day tonne/effect minute/cell day Wt Waste tar collected tonne/year wt Weight kg or tonne 5.2 Chemical form
38、ulae Al Aluminium Al2O3Aluminium oxide (Alumina) C Carbon CF4Tetrafluoromethane C2F6Hexafluoroethane BS EN 19694-4:2016EN 19694-4:2016 (E) 8 CO Carbon monoxide CO2Carbon dioxide NaAlF6Sodium aluminium hexafluoride (cryolite) NaF Sodium fluoride PFC Perfluorocarbon 6 Calculation methods General remar
39、ks 6.1 Introduction This standard shall be used in conjunction with EN 19694-1 which contains generic, overall requirements, definitions and rules applicable to the determination of GHG emissions for all energy-intensive sectors, provides common methodological issues and defines the details for appl
40、ying the rules. The application of this standard to the sector-specific standards ensures accuracy, precision and reproducibility of the results. 6.2 Calculation methods for process GHG emissions from primary aluminium production Figure 1 gives sources of process emissions and references to where in
41、 the standard calculation methods are described. Figure 1 Decision tree for process carbon dioxide and perfluorocarbon emissions from primary aluminium production BS EN 19694-4:2016EN 19694-4:2016 (E) 9 Process CO2emissions in state of the art aluminium smelters comprise around 90 % of total direct
42、CO2equivalent emissions, with the balance of emissions consisting of CO2from fossil fuel combustion and PFC emissions. Guidance on CO2emissions from fuel combustion is not included in this document. Methodology for calculating CO2emissions from the combustion of fuel in anode baking furnaces is desc
43、ribed elsewhere 6, 7, while methodology for calculating process CO2emissions is given in Clause 7. 6.3 Sources of carbon dioxide 6.3.1 Electrolysis Most of the CO2emissions result from the electrolytic reaction of the carbon anode with alumina: + +23 22 343Al O C Al CO (1) Carbon dioxide is also emi
44、tted during the electrolysis reaction as the carbon anode reacts with other sources of oxygen, primarily from the air. Carbon dioxide is also formed as a result of the Boudouard reaction where CO2reacts with the carbon anode forming carbon monoxide, which is then oxidized to form CO2. Each unit of C
45、O2participating in the Boudouard reaction produces two units of CO2after air oxidation: 22CO +C CO (2) 2222CO +O CO (3) All carbon monoxide formed is assumed to be converted to CO2. By industry convention no correction is made for the minute amount of carbon consumed as PFCs rather than CO2emissions
46、. No CO2is produced from cathode consumption unless there is on-site incineration and no recommendation is included here for such operations CO2emission from addition of sodium carbonate to electrolyses cells is not included as this is added at infrequent intervals and is an insignificant source. 6.
47、3.2 Anode baking Another source of CO2emissions, specific to prebake technologies, is the baking of green anodes, wherein CO2is emitted from the combustion of volatile components from the pitch binder and, for baking furnaces fired with carbon based fuels, from the combustion of the fuel source. Som
48、e of the packing coke used to cover the anodes is also oxidized, releasing CO2during anode baking. Carbon dioxide is emitted from the fuel used in the paste plant and the fuel used for firing the anode baking furnace. 6.3.3 Aluminium smelting supporting processes A further source of carbon dioxide e
49、missions is fuel used in the cast house for heating of the metal during treatment processes before casting, and some fuel may also be used in rodding operations. 6.3.4 Alumina refining Carbon dioxide is not produced as process emission in the Bayer Process, the process through which alumina is refined from bauxite ore. Most of the emissions associated with alumina refining are from the combustion of fossil fuels, which are covered in the WRI/WBCSD 10 calculation tools for GHG emissions from energy and electricity. 6.4
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