1、BRITISH STANDARD BS EN 60368-2-2:1999 IEC 60368-2-2:1996 Piezoelectric filters Part 2: Guide to the use of piezoelectric filters Section 2: Piezoelectric ceramic filters The European Standard EN 60368-2-2:1999 has the status of a British Standard ICS 31.140; 31.160BSEN60368-2-2:1999 This British Sta
2、ndard, having been prepared under the directionof the ElectrotechnicalSector Committee, was published underthe authority of the Standards Committee and comesinto effect on 15October1999 BSI 03-2000 ISBN 0 580 32203 3 National foreword This British Standard is the English language version of EN60368-
3、2-2:1999. It is identical with IEC60368-2-2:1996. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee EPL/49, Piezoelectric devices for frequency control and selection, which has the responsibility to: aid enquirers to understand the text; present to the responsible European
4、 committee any enquiries on the interpretation, or proposals for change, and keep the UK interests informed; monitor related international and European developments and promulgate them in the UK. A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary. From
5、1 January1997, all IEC publications have the number60000added to the old number. For instance, IEC27-1 has been renumbered as IEC60027-1. For a period of time during the change over from one numbering system to the other, publications may contain identifiers from both systems. Cross-references Atten
6、tion is drawn to the fact that CEN and CENELEC Standards normally include an annex which lists normative references to international publications with their corresponding European publications. The BritishStandards which implement these international or European publications may be found in the BSI
7、Standards Catalogue under the section entitled “International Standards Correspondence Index”, or by using the “Find” facility of the BSI Standards Electronic Catalogue. A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users of British Standards are responsi
8、ble for their correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i and ii, theEN title page, pages 2 to 16, an inside back cover and a back cover. This
9、 standard has been updated (see copyright date) and may have had amendments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amendment table on the inside front cover. Amendments issued since publication Amd. No. Date CommentsBSEN60368-2-2:1999 BSI 03-2000 i Contents Page National foreword Inside front c
10、over Foreword 2 Text of EN 60368-2-2 3ii blankEUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM EN 60368-2-2 February 1999 ICS 31.140; 31.160 English version Piezoelectric filters Part2:Guidetotheuseofpiezoelectricfilters Section2:Piezoelectric ceramic filters (IEC60368-2-2:1996) Filtres pizolectriq
11、ues Partie2:Guidedemploi des filtrespizolectriques Section2:Filtrescramique pizolectrique (CEI 60368-2-2:1996) Piezoelektrische Filter Teil2:LeitfadenfrdieAnwendung vonpiezoelektrischen Filtern Hauptabschnitt2: Piezoelektrische Keramikfilter (IEC 60368-2-2:1996) This European Standard was approved b
12、y CENELEC on 1999-01-01. CENELEC members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national s
13、tandards may be obtained on application to the Central Secretariat or to any CENELEC member. This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CENELEC member into its own language and
14、notified to the Central Secretariat has the same status as the official versions. CENELEC members are the national electrotechnical committees of Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sw
15、eden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. CENELEC European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization Comit Europen de Normalisation Electrotechnique Europisches Komitee fr Elektrotechnische Normung Central Secretariat: rue de Stassart 35, B-1050 Brussels 1999 CENELEC All rights of exploitation in a
16、ny form and by any means reserved worldwide for CENELEC members. Ref. No. EN 60368-2-2:1999 EEN60368-2-2:1999 BSI 03-2000 2 Foreword The text of the International Standard IEC60368-2-2:1996, prepared by IECTC49, Piezoelectric and dielectric devices for frequency control and selection, was submitted
17、to the formal vote and was approved by CENELEC as EN60368-2-2 on 1999-01-01 without any modification. The following dates were fixed: Annexes designated “normative” are part of the body of the standard. In this standard, Annex ZA is normative. Annex ZA has been added by CENELEC. Endorsement notice T
18、he text of the International Standard IEC60368-2-2:1996 was approved by CENELEC as a European Standard without any modification. Contents Page Foreword 2 Introduction 3 1 Scope 3 2 Normative references 3 3 Terms and definitions 4 3.1 General terms 4 3.2 Electrical properties 4 4 Piezoelectric cerami
19、c resonators for filters 5 4.1 General 5 4.2 Mode of vibration as a function of frequency 6 5 Basic filter characteristics 7 5.1 Types of piezoelectric ceramic filters 7 5.2 Utilization and limitations 12 5.3 Input level 13 6 Practical remarks 15 6.1 Impedance matching 15 6.2 Spurious response suppr
20、ession 15 Page 7 Measuring techniques 15 8 Marking 15 9 Specification procedure for a piezoelectric ceramic filter 16 Annex ZA (normative) Normative references to international publications with their corresponding European publications Inside back cover Figure 1 Transducer attenuation characteristi
21、c of a filter 5 Figure 2 Mode of vibration and frequency ranges of piezoelectric ceramic resonators 6 Figure 3 Two types of transducer attenuation characteristics 7 Figure 4 Example of a three-terminal piezoelectric ceramic resonator using electrodes split into ring and dot 8 Figure 5 Simplified equ
22、ivalent circuit of a piezoelectric ceramic resonator using electrodes split into ring and dot 8 Figure 6 Cascade-connected filters 8 Figure 7 Examples of transducer amplitudes of ceramic filters 9 Figure 8 Fundamental connection of a ladder-type filter 9 Figure 9 Equivalent circuit of Figure 8 10 Fi
23、gure 10 Relation of resonance and anti-resonance frequencies of series and parallel connected resonators 10 Figure 11 Examples of transducer attenuation characteristics of 2-, 3- and 4-section ladder-type filters 11 Figure 12 Distribution of two kinds of vibrating amplitude 11 Figure 13 Equivalent c
24、ircuit of a multicoupling mode piezoelectric ceramic filter 11 Figure 14 Example of the transducer amplitude of a 10,7 MHz piezoelectric ceramic filter 12 Figure 15 Frequency ranges of ceramic band-pass filters not requiring critically difficult development work 14 Figure 16 Example of the transduce
25、r attenuation change by impedance matching 15 Table 1 Typical data on piezoelectric ceramics used for filters 6 latest date by which the EN has to be implemented at national level by publication of an identical national standard or by endorsement (dop) 2000-01-01 latest date by which the national st
26、andards conflicting with the EN have to be withdrawn (dow) 2000-01-01EN60368-2-2:1999 BSI 03-2000 3 Introduction In accordance with the progress in research and development of stable piezoelectric ceramic materials a new, rather promising field has appeared in designing high quality, miniature and e
27、conomical filters using piezoelectric ceramic resonators (hereinafter referred to as ceramic resonators). The availability of ceramic resonators with a high coupling factor, a high quality factor, and a satisfactory stability has permitted a design of a piezoelectric ceramic filter which can be used
28、 as an alternative to conventional LC filters, mechanical filters, as well as for new applications. Piezoelectric ceramic filters (hereafter referred to as ceramic filters) are at present widely used in communication (in IF amplifiers of communication receivers), in equipment for forming a set of re
29、ference frequencies, and also in telemetry and measurement application, as well as in the IF amplifiers of broadcast receivers. Although specifications for these filters are very diverse, many of the above needs can be served by a few standard types of ceramic filters. The standard detail specificat
30、ions (in the IEC368 and IEC1261 series) and national specifications or data sheets issued by manufacturers will define the available combinations of reference frequency, pass bandwidth, ripple, shape factor, terminating impedance, etc. These sheets are compiled to include a wide range of ceramic fil
31、ters with standardized performances. It cannot be overemphasized that the user should, wherever possible, select his ceramic filters from these specification sheets, when available, even if it may lead to making small modifications to his circuit to enable standard filters to be used. This is especi
32、ally so in the case of the selection of the reference frequency. In contrast to conventional LC filters, ceramic filters, as well as quartz crystal filters, offer substantial advantages in design and production costs, when their reference frequencies are limited to a few narrow frequency ranges. Hen
33、ce, an order which does not specify one of the more commonly used reference frequencies may be uneconomical. It should be understood that standardization is not a fixed process, but rather a continuing one. As new requirements arise, new detail specifications are prepared to meet these requirements.
34、 It is of prime interest to a user that the filter characteristics should satisfy the requirements of a specification sheet. The selection of internal filter and resonator networks to meet that specification should be an option of the manufacturer. The amplitude versus frequency characteristics of a
35、 filter are usually expressed in terms of transducer attenuation as a function of frequency, as shown inFigure 1. In some applications, such characteristics as transient response or group delay time are more important than transducer attenuation. Transducer attenuation characteristics are further sp
36、ecified by reference frequency, minimum transducer attenuation, pass-band ripple and shape factor, of which standard values are given in IEC368-1 and IEC1261-1. The specification is to be satisfied between the lowest and highest temperature of the specified operating temperature range. This conditio
37、n should also be satisfied before and after the environmental tests. In some cases, particularly for filters for broadcast receivers, the maximum variation of characteristics over a given temperature range may be specified. 1 Scope This section of IEC368-2 describes passive band-pass filters operati
38、ng over the frequency range of a few kHz to more than10MHz which are commercially available as separate and independent units. It is not the aim of this standard to explain theory, nor to attempt to cover all the eventualities which may arise in practical circumstances. This standard draws attention
39、 to some of the fundamental questions which should be considered by the user before he places an order for a filter for a new application. Such a procedure will be the users insurance against unsatisfactory performance. 2 Normative references The following normative documents contain provisions whic
40、h, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this section of IEC368-2. At the time of publication, the editions indicated were valid. All normative documents are subject to revision, and parties to agreements based on this section of IEC368-2 are encouraged to investigate the possibil
41、ity of applying the most recent editions of the normative documents indicated below. Members of IEC and ISO maintain registers of currently valid International Standards. IEC 368-1:1992, Piezoelectric filters Part 1: General information, standard values and test conditions. IEC 1261-1:1994, Piezoele
42、ctric ceramic filters for use in electronic equipment A specification in the IEC quality assessment system for electronic components (IECQ) Part 1: Generic specification Qualification approval. EN60368-2-2:1999 4 BSI 03-2000 IEC 1261-2:1994, Piezoelectric ceramic filters for use in electronic equipm
43、ent A specification in the IEC quality assessment system for electronic components (IECQ) Part 2: Sectional specification Qualification approval. IEC 1261-2-1:1994, Piezoelectric ceramic filters for use in electronic equipment A specification in the IEC quality assessment system for electronic compo
44、nents (IECQ) Part 2: Sectional specification Qualification approval Section 1: Blank detail specification Assessment level E. 3 Terms and definitions For the purpose of this section of IEC368-2, the following terms and definitions apply. 3.1 General terms 3.1.1 piezoelectric ceramic resonator piezoe
45、lectric ceramic element with electrodes which can be made to vibrate in a particular mode of vibration 3.1.2 polarization orientation of the polarization axis in one direction by applying a highd.c.electric field at high temperature in order to create the piezoelectric effect in a ceramic material 3
46、.1.3 electrode electrically conductive plate or film in contact with, or in proximity to, a face of a ceramic element, by means of which an electric field can be applied to the element 3.1.4 mode of vibration pattern of motion of the individual particles in a vibrating body resulting from stresses a
47、pplied to the body the most common modes of vibration are: a) area expansion mode; b) trapped thickness shear mode; c) trapped thickness expansion mode. NOTEApplicable frequency range is referred to inFigure 2. 3.2 Electrical properties 3.2.1 mid-band frequency geometrical mean of the cut-off freque
48、ncies. However, the mid-band frequency might be defined as the minimum transducer attenuation for some specific applications NOTEIn practice, the arithmetic mean is often used as a good approximation to the geometric mean. 3.2.2 pass-band band of frequencies in which the relative attenuation is equa
49、l to or less than a specified value 3.2.3 insertion attenuation logarithmic ratio of the power delivered to the load impedance before insertion of the filter to the power delivered to the load impedance after insertion of the filter 3.2.4 pass-band ripple difference between the maximum and minimum attenuation in the pass band or in a specified portion of the pass-band 3.2.5 selectivity difference between the attenuation at the given frequency outside the pass-band and the reference value at a
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