1、raising standards worldwideNO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWBSI British StandardsWB9423_BSI_StandardColCov_noK_AW:BSI FRONT COVERS 5/9/08 12:55 Page 1Hydraulic machines,radial and axial Performance conversionmethod from model to prototypeBS EN 62097:2009National
2、forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of EN 62097:2009. It is identi-cal to IEC 62097:2009.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical CommitteeMCE/15, Hydraulic turbines.A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained onrequest to its se
3、cretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of acontract. Users are responsible for its correct application. BSI 2009ISBN 978 0 580 54832 1ICS 27.140Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligations.This British Standard was publish
4、ed under the authority of the StandardsPolicy and Strategy Committee on 31 July 2009Amendments issued since publicationAmd. No. Date Text affectedBRITISH STANDARDBS EN 62097:2009EUROPEAN STANDARD EN 62097 NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM May 2009 CENELEC European Committee for Electrotechnical Standa
5、rdization Comit Europen de Normalisation Electrotechnique Europisches Komitee fr Elektrotechnische Normung Central Secretariat: avenue Marnix 17, B - 1000 Brussels 2009 CENELEC - All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CENELEC members. Ref. No. EN 62097:2009 E
6、ICS 27.140 English version Hydraulic machines, radial and axial - Performance conversion method from model to prototype (IEC 62097:2009) Machines hydrauliques, radiales et axiales - Mthode de conversion des performances du modle au prototype (CEI 62097:2009) Hydraulische Maschinen, radial und axial
7、- Leistungsumrechnung vom Modell zum Prototyp (IEC 62097:2009) This European Standard was approved by CENELEC on 2009-03-01. CENELEC members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standar
8、d without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the Central Secretariat or to any CENELEC member. This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other
9、language made by translation under the responsibility of a CENELEC member into its own language and notified to the Central Secretariat has the same status as the official versions. CENELEC members are the national electrotechnical committees of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, the Czech Republic
10、, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. BS EN 62097:2009EN 62097:2009 - 2 - Foreword The te
11、xt of document 4/242A/FDIS, future edition 1 of IEC 62097, prepared by IEC TC 4, Hydraulic turbines, was submitted to the IEC-CENELEC parallel vote and was approved by CENELEC as EN 62097 on 2009-03-01. The International Standard contains attached files in the form of Excel file. These files are int
12、ended to be used as complement and do not form an integral part of this publication. The following dates were fixed: latest date by which the EN has to be implemented at national level by publication of an identical national standard or by endorsement (dop) 2009-12-01 latest date by which the nation
13、al standards conflicting with the EN have to be withdrawn (dow) 2012-03-01 Annex ZA has been added by CENELEC. _ Endorsement notice The text of the International Standard IEC 62097:2009 was approved by CENELEC as a European Standard without any modification. _ BS EN 62097:2009- 3 - EN 62097:2009 Ann
14、ex ZA (normative) Normative references to international publications with their corresponding European publications The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edit
15、ion of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. NOTE When an international publication has been modified by common modifications, indicated by (mod), the relevant EN/HD applies. Publication Year Title EN/HD Year IEC 60193 1999 Hydraulic turbines, storage pumps and pump-turbines -
16、Model acceptance tests EN 60193 1999 BS EN 62097:2009 2 62097 IEC:2009 CONTENTS INTRODUCTION.7 1 Scope.9 2 Normative references .9 3 Terms, definitions, symbols and units .9 3.1 System of units .9 3.2 List of terms 9 3.2.1 Subscripts list .9 3.2.2 Terms, definitions, symbols and units 10 4 Scale-eff
17、ect formula .13 4.1 General .13 4.1.1 Scalable losses .13 4.1.2 Basic formulae of the scale effect on hydrodynamic friction losses 15 4.2 Specific hydraulic energy efficiency.17 4.2.1 Step-up formula.17 4.2.2 Roughness of model and prototype19 4.2.3 Direct step-up for a whole turbine 22 4.3 Power ef
18、ficiency (disc friction).23 4.3.1 Step-up formula.23 4.3.2 Roughness of model and prototype23 4.4 Volumetric efficiency .24 5 Standardized values of scalable losses and pertinent parameters 24 5.1 General .24 5.2 Specific speed.25 5.3 Parameters for specific hydraulic energy efficiency step-up.25 5.
19、4 Parameters for power efficiency (disc friction) step-up.26 6 Calculation of prototype performance .27 6.1 General .27 6.2 Hydraulic efficiency .27 6.3 Specific hydraulic energy 28 6.4 Discharge28 6.5 Torque 29 6.6 Power29 6.7 Required input data.30 7 Calculation procedure.31 Annex A (informative)
20、Basic formulae and their approximation.33 Annex B (informative) Scale effect on specific hydraulic energy losses of radial flow machines 43 Annex C (informative) Scale effect on specific hydraulic energy losses of axial flow machines 10 .63 Annex D (informative) Scale effect on disc friction loss 70
21、 Annex E (informative) Leakage loss evaluation for non homologous seals .76 Bibliography83 Figure 1 Basic concept for step-up considering surface roughness 16 BS EN 62097:200962097 IEC:2009 3 Figure 2 IEC criteria of surface roughness given in Tables 1 and 2 20 Figure 3 Francis Runner blade and fill
22、ets.21 Figure 4 Runner blade axial flow22 Figure 5 Guide vanes.22 Figure 6 Calculation steps of step-up values32 Figure A.1 Flux diagram for a turbine .34 Figure A.2 Flux diagram for a pump .35 Figure B.1 Loss coefficient versus Reynolds number and surface roughness .44 Figure B.2 Different characte
23、ristics of in transition zone45 Figure B.3 Representative dimensions of component passages .48 Figure B.4 Relative scalable hydraulic energy loss in each component of Francis turbine 54 Figure B.5 Relative scalable hydraulic energy loss in each component of pump-turbine in turbine operation .55 Figu
24、re B.6 Relative scalable hydraulic energy loss in each component of pump-turbine in pump operation .56 Figure B.7 uCOand dCOin each component of Francis turbine57 Figure B.8 uCOand dCOin each component of pump-turbine in turbine operation58 Figure B.9 uCOand dCOin each component of pump-turbine in p
25、ump operation .59 Figure B.10 dECOrefand dEreffor Francis turbine .60 Figure B.11 dECOrefand dEreffor pump-turbine in turbine operation 61 Figure B.12 dECOrefand dEreffor pump-turbine in pump-operation 62 Figure C.1 Ereffor Kaplan turbines .66 Figure D.1 Disc friction loss ratio Tref.72 Figure D.2 D
26、imension factor T74 Figure D.3 Disc friction loss index dTref75 Figure E.1 Examples of typical design of runner seals (crown side) .78 Figure E.2 Examples of typical design of runner seals (band side).79 Table 1 Maximum recommended prototype runner roughness for new turbines (m)21 Table 2 Maximum re
27、commended prototype guide vane roughness for new turbines (m)22 Table 3 Permissible deviation of the geometry of model seals from the prototype 24 Table 4 Scalable loss index dECOrefand velocity factor uCOfor Francis turbines.25 Table 5 Scalable loss index dECOref and velocity index uCOfor pump-turb
28、ines in turbine operation.26 Table 6 Scalable loss index dECOrefand velocity index uCOfor pump-turbines in pump operation.26 Table 7 Scalable loss index dECOrefand velocity factor uCOfor axial flow machines .26 Table 8 Required input data for the calculation of the prototype performance 30 Table B.1
29、 dErefand u0for step-up calculation of whole turbine .51 Table B.2 Criteria for the surface roughness for the application of the direct step-up formula .52 BS EN 62097:2009 4 62097 IEC:2009 Table C.1 Ratio of ESTESTdfor Francis turbines and pump-turbines 68 Table C.2 Parameters to obtain ECOfor axia
30、l flow machines 68 BS EN 62097:200962097 IEC:2009 7 INTRODUCTION 0.1 General remarks This International Standard establishes the prototype hydraulic machine efficiency from model test results, with consideration of scale effect including the effect of surface roughness. Advances in the technology of
31、 hydraulic turbo-machines used for hydroelectric power plants indicate the necessity of revising the scale effect formula given in 3.8 of IEC 60193. 11The advance in knowledge of scale effects originates from work done by research institutes, manufacturers and relevant working groups within the orga
32、nizations of IEC and IAHR. 1 - 7 The method of calculating prototype efficiencies, as given in this standard, is supported by experimental work and theoretical research on flow analysis and has been simplified for practical reasons and agreed as a convention. 8 10 The method is representing the pres
33、ent state of knowledge of the scale-up of performance from model to a homologous prototype. Homology is not limited to the geometric similarity of the machine components, it also calls for homologous velocity triangles at the inlet and outlet of the runner/impeller. 2 Therefore, compared to IEC 6019
34、3, a higher attention has to be paid to the geometry of guide vanes. According to the present state of knowledge, it is certain that, in most cases, the formula for the efficiency step-up calculation given in the IEC 60193 and earlier standards, overstated the step-up increment of the efficiency for
35、 the prototype. Therefore, in the case where a user wants to restudy a project for which a calculation of efficiency step-up was done based on any previous method, the user shall re-calculate the efficiency step-up with the new method given in this standard, before restudying the project of concern.
36、 This standard is intended to be used mainly for the assessment of the results of contractual model tests of hydraulic machines. If it is used for other purposes such as evaluation of refurbishment of machines having very rough surfaces, special care should be taken as described in Annex B. Due to t
37、he lack of sufficient knowledge about the loss distribution in Deriaz turbines and storage pumps, this standard does not provide the scale effect formula for them. An excel work sheet concerning the step-up procedures of hydraulic machine performance from model to prototype is indicated at the end o
38、f this Standard to facilitate the calculation of the step-up value. 0.2 Basic features A fundamental difference compared to the IEC 60193 formula is the standardization of scalable losses. In a previous standard (see 3.8 of IEC 60193:1999 1), a loss distribution factor V has been defined and standar
39、dized, with the disadvantage that turbine designs which are not optimized benefit from their lower technological level. This is certainly not correct, since a low efficiency design has high non-scalable losses, like incidence losses, whereby the amount of scalable losses is about constant for all ma
40、nufacturers, for a given type and a given specific speed of a hydraulic machine. This standard avoids all the inconsistencies connected with IEC 60193:1999. (see 3.8 of 1) A new basic feature of this standard is the separate consideration of losses in specific hydraulic energy, disc friction losses
41、and leakage losses. 5, 8 10 1Numbers in square brackets refer to the bibliography. BS EN 62097:2009 8 62097 IEC:2009 Above all, in this standard, the scale-up of the hydraulic performance is not only driven by the dependence of friction losses on Reynolds number Re, but also the effect of surface ro
42、ughness Ra has been implemented. Since the roughness of the actual machine component differs from part to part, scale effect is evaluated for each individual part separately and then is finally summed up to obtain the overall step-up for a complete turbine. 10 For radial flow machines, the evaluatio
43、n of scale effect is conducted on five separate parts; spiral case, stay vanes, guide vanes, runner and draft tube. For axial flow machines, the scalable losses in individual parts are not fully clarified yet and are dealt with in two parts; runner blades and all the other stationary parts inclusive
44、. The calculation procedures according to this standard are summarized in Clause 7 and Excel sheets are provided as an Attachment to this standard to facilitate the step-up calculation. In case that the Excel sheets are used for evaluation of the results of a contractual model test, each concerned p
45、arty shall execute the calculation individually for cross-check using common input data agreed on in advance. BS EN 62097:200962097 IEC:2009 9 HYDRAULIC MACHINES, RADIAL AND AXIAL PERFORMANCE CONVERSION METHOD FROM MODEL TO PROTOTYPE 1 Scope This International Standard is applicable to the assessmen
46、t of the efficiency and performance of prototype hydraulic machine from model test results, with consideration of scale effect including the effect of surface roughness. This standard is intended to be used for the assessment of the results of contractual model tests of hydraulic machines. 2 Normati
47、ve references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. IEC 60193:1999, Hydraulic turbines,
48、 storage pumps and pump-turbines Model acceptance tests 3 Terms, definitions, symbols and units 3.1 System of units The International System of Units (SI) is used throughout this standard. All terms are given in SI Base Units or derived coherent units. Any other system of units may be used after wri
49、tten agreement of the contracting parties. 3.2 List of terms For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions of IEC 60193 apply, as well as the following terms, definitions, symbols and units. 3.2.1 Subscripts list Term Symbol Term Symbol model M component CO prototype P specific energy E spiral case SP volumetric Q stay vane SVtorque or disc friction T guide v
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