BS EN ISO 4499-2-2010 Hardmetals Metallographic determination of microstructure Measurement of WC grain size《硬质合金 显微组织的金相学测定 WC晶粒尺寸的测量》.pdf

1、BS EN ISO4499-2:2010ICS 77.040.99; 77.160NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWBRITISH STANDARDHardmetals Metallographicdetermination ofmicrostructurePart 2: Measurement of WC grain size(ISO 4499-2:2008)This British Standard was published under the authority of the St

2、andards Policy and Strategy Committee on 30 June 2010 BSI 2010ISBN 978 0 580 69610 7Amendments/corrigenda issued since publicationDate CommentsBS EN ISO 4499-2:2010National forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of EN ISO 4499-2:2010. It is identical to ISO 4499-2:2008. Together with

3、 BS EN ISO 4499-1:2010, it supersedes BS EN 24499:1993 which is withdrawn.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee ISE/65, Sintered metal components.A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary.This publication

4、does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations.EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM EN ISO 4499-2 May 2010 ICS 77.040.99; 77.160 S

5、upersedes EN 24499:1993English Version Hardmetals - Metallographic determination of microstructure - Part 2: Measurement of WC grain size (ISO 4499-2:2008) Mtaux-durs - Dtermination mtallographique de la microstructure - Partie 2: Mesurage de la taille des grains de WC (ISO 4499-2:2008) Hartmetalle

6、- Metallographische Bestimmung der Mikrostruktur - Teil 2: Messung der WC Korngre (ISO 4499-2:2008) This European Standard was approved by CEN on 30 April 2010. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard

7、the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN Management Centre or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, Ge

8、rman). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN Management Centre has the same status as the official versions. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cypr

9、us, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION CO

10、MIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2010 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN ISO 4499-2:2010: EBS EN ISO 4499-2:2010EN ISO 4499-2:2010 (E) 3 F

11、oreword The text of ISO 4499-2:2008 has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 119 “Powder metallurgy” of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and has been taken over as EN ISO 4499-2:2010. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by pu

12、blication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by November 2010, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by November 2010. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CEN

13、ELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. This document supersedes EN 24499:1993. ISO 4499-2, together with ISO 4499-1, cancels and replaces ISO 4499:1978, which has been technically revised. A new section has been added for the quantitative measurement of the

14、 WC grain size of hardmetals. ISO 4499 consists of the following parts, under the general title Hardmetals Metallographic determination of microstructure: Part 1: Photomicrographs and description Part 2: Measurement of WC grain size According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national sta

15、ndards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,

16、 Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. Endorsement notice The text of ISO 4499-2:2008 has been approved by CEN as a EN ISO 4499-2:2010 without any modification. BS EN ISO 4499-2:2010ISO 4499-2:2008(E) ISO 2008 All rights reserved iiiContent

17、s Page Foreword iv 1 Scope 1 2 Normative references 2 3 Terms, definitions, abbreviations, symbols and units.2 4 General information.4 5 Apparatus .5 6 Calibration 6 7 Grain-size measurement by the linear-intercept method 6 8 Reporting 9 Annex A (informative) Measurement case study .11 Annex B (info

18、rmative) Report proforma15 Bibliography 17 BS EN ISO 4499-2:2010ISO 4499-2:2008(E) iv ISO 2008 All rights reservedForeword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standard

19、s is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take

20、part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is t

21、o prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility

22、that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 4499-2 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 119, Powder metallurgy, Subcommittee SC 4, Sampling and testing methods for hardmetal

23、s. ISO 4499-2, together with ISO 4499-1, cancels and replaces ISO 4499:1978, which has been technically revised. A new section has been added for the quantitative measurement of the WC grain size of hardmetals. ISO 4499 consists of the following parts, under the general title Hardmetals Metallograph

24、ic determination of microstructure: Part 1: Photomicrographs and description Part 2: Measurement of WC grain size BS EN ISO 4499-2:2010INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 4499-2:2008(E) ISO 2008 All rights reserved 1Hardmetals Metallographic determination of microstructure Part 2: Measurement of WC grain siz

25、e 1 Scope This part of ISO 4499 gives guidelines for the measurement of hardmetal grain size by metallographic techniques only using optical or electron microscopy. It is intended for sintered WC/Co hardmetals (also called cemented carbides or cermets) containing primarily WC as the hard phase. It i

26、s also intended for measuring the grain size and distribution by the linear-intercept technique. This part of ISO 4499 essentially covers four main topics: calibration of microscopes, to underpin the accuracy of measurements; linear analysis techniques, to acquire sufficient statistically meaningful

27、 data; analysis methods, to calculate representative average values; reporting, to comply with modern quality requirements. The part of ISO 4499 is supported by a measurement case study to illustrate the recommended techniques (see Annex A). The part of ISO 4499 is not intended for the following. Me

28、asurements of size distribution. Recommendations on shape measurements. Further research is needed before recommendations for shape measurement can be given. Measurements of coercivity are sometimes used for grain-size measurement, but this current guide is concerned only with a metallographic measu

29、rement method. It is also written for sintered hardmetals and not for characterising powders. However, the method could, in principle, be used for measuring the average size of powders that are suitably mounted and sectioned. BS EN ISO 4499-2:2010ISO 4499-2:2008(E) 2 ISO 2008 All rights reserved2 No

30、rmative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO 3326, Hardmetals Determina

31、tion of (the magnetization) coercivity ISO 3369, Impermeable sintered metal materials and hardmetals Determination of density ISO 3738-1, Hardmetals Rockwell hardness test (scale A) Part 1: Test method ISO 3738-2, Hardmetals Rockwell hardness test (scale A) Part 2: Preparation and calibration of sta

32、ndard test blocks ISO 3878, Hardmetals Vickers hardness test ISO 4489:1978, Sintered hardmetals Sampling and testing ISO 4499-1, Hardmetals Metallographic determination of microstructure Part 1: Photomicrographs and description ISO 4505, Hardmetals Metallographic determination of porosity and uncomb

33、ined carbon 3 Terms, definitions, abbreviations, symbols and units 3.1 General A very wide range of terms are used to describe powders or sintered hardmetals of different sizes. For example, the following have been used in a variety of publications and reports. Extra coarse Fine Microfine Coarse Ver

34、y fine Micrograin Coarse/Medium Ultra fine Nanophase Medium Extra fine Nanograin Medium/Fine Submicron Super fine None of these terms have commonly agreed or well-defined size ranges among users and producers of powders or sintered products. Consequently, following discussion in the hardmetal commun

35、ity, the following terms for the sizes defined in 3.2 are recommended. The uncertainty associated with the measurement of linear-intercept grain size is about 10 %, if typically 200 grains to 300 grains are counted. Thus, measurements on or close to the class boundaries should be treated carefully.

36、It is recommended that measurements that fall within 10 % of any of the class boundaries should be classed as follows: EXAMPLE 0,19 m as Nano/Ultrafine 0,21 m as Ultrafine/Nano 0,75 m as Submicron/Fine 0,85 m as Fine/Submicron 1,29 m as Fine/Medium 1,31 m as Medium/Fine 2,4 m as Medium/Coarse 2,6 m

37、as Coarse/Medium BS EN ISO 4499-2:2010ISO 4499-2:2008(E) ISO 2008 All rights reserved 33.2 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 3.2.1 nano with WC grain size 6,0 m NOTE Measured by the mean-linear-intercept method described in this part

38、of ISO 4499. 3.3 Symbols, abbreviations and units For the purposes of this document, the following symbols, abbreviations and units apply. A is the area, in square millimetres (mm)2 wcd is the arithmetic mean linear intercept of WC grains, in micrometres (m) ECD is the equivalent circle diameter, in

39、 millimetres (mm) L is the line length, in millimetres (mm) BS EN ISO 4499-2:2010ISO 4499-2:2008(E) 4 ISO 2008 All rights reservedLI is the arithmetic mean-linear-intercept distance, in micrometres (m) il is the measured length of individual intercepts, in micrometres (m) ilis the sum of the measure

40、d length of each individual intercept N is the number of grain boundaries traversed n is the number of WC grains intercepted m is the magnification maxm is the maximum magnification minm is the minimum magnification ms is the measured size, in millimetres (mm) as is the actual size, in millimetres (

41、mm) 4 General information This part of ISO 4499 addresses the issue of good practice for the measurement of a mean value for WC grain size. It recommends the use of a linear-intercept technique for obtaining data. The measurements shall be made using good practice for the preparation of suitable mic

42、rostructures for examination outlined in ISO 4499-1. The properties and performance of hardmetals are directly dependent on the microstructure developed during manufacture, which in turn is controlled by the character of the starting powder batch. Understanding the microstructure is the key to contr

43、olling or improving properties, and therefore the measurement of micro-structural features, particularly grain size and size distribution, is of paramount importance. Methods of metallographic preparation and etching techniques are as important as the grain-size measure-ment method (see 1 to 4 in th

44、e Bibliography), and are included in ISO 4499-1. The principal type of hardmetal considered is WC with a Co binder. However, the procedure can be used for hardmetals that contain cubic carbides or which are based on TiC or Ti(C,N). The most direct way to measure the WC grain size is to polish and et

45、ch a cross-section of the microstructure and then to use quantitative metallographic techniques to measure a mean value for the grain size, either by area counting or by linear-intercept techniques. There are three ways by which the mean size by number of the WC grains can be defined: by length (of

46、a line across a 2D section of a grain); by area (of 2D sections of grains); by volume (of individual grains). A number average is obtained by counting each measurement of the parameter of interest (length, area or volume) and dividing the total value of the parameter (length, area or volume) by the

47、number of this parameter counted. BS EN ISO 4499-2:2010ISO 4499-2:2008(E) ISO 2008 All rights reserved 5The value most used to date has been a length parameter. This can be obtained in several ways, for example, by parallel lines or circles as described in ASTM E11212: by linear intercept, called th

48、e Heyn method, from a straight line drawn across the structure; by the equivalent circle diameter1); this is obtained by measuring grain areas and then taking the diameter of a circle of equivalent area. An additional method is that established by Jefferies, where the number of grains per unit area

49、can be counted. This can, if required, be converted to an equivalent circle diameter. It shall be noted that point/area counting provides no information on distribution, and the Jefferies method is not intended for use on multiphase materials such as hardmetals. The recommended technique for measurement of hardmetal grain size is the linear-intercept method. 5 Apparatus Grain-size measurements are obtained from images of the microstructure. ISO 4499-1, ASTM B657 10an