1、BSI Standards PublicationBS EN ISO 10703:2015Water quality Determinationof the activity concentrationof radionuclides Methodby high resolution gamma-rayspectrometryBS EN ISO 10703:2015 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of EN ISO10703:2015. It is identica
2、l to ISO 10703:2007.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee EH/3/8, Radioactivity measurements methods.A list of organizations represented on this committee can beobtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessarypr
3、ovisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correctapplication. The British Standards Institution 2015.Published by BSI Standards Limited 2015ISBN 978 0 580 89463 3ICS 13.060.60; 17.240Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligations.This British Standard was
4、 published under the authority of theStandards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 October 2015.Amendments/corrigenda issued since publicationDate Text affectedEUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM EN ISO 10703 October 2015 ICS 13.060.60; 17.240 English Version Water quality - Determinat
5、ion of the activity concentration of radionuclides - Method by high resolution gamma-ray spectrometry (ISO 10703:2007) Qualit de leau - Dtermination de lactivit volumique des radionuclides - Mthode par spectromtrie gamma haute rsolution (ISO 10703:2007) Wasserbeschaffenheit - Bestimmung der Aktivitt
6、skonzentration von Radionukliden - Verfahren mittels hochauflsender Gammaspektrometrie (ISO 10703:2007) This European Standard was approved by CEN on 27 September 2015. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European S
7、tandard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists in three official versions (Eng
8、lish, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium,
9、 Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerlan
10、d, Turkey and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2015 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Mem
11、bers. Ref. No. EN ISO 10703:2015 EBS EN ISO 10703:2015EN ISO 10703:2015 (E) 3 European foreword The text of ISO 10703:2007 has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 147 “Water quality” ofthe International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and has been taken over as EN ISO 10703:2015by Tec
12、hnical Committee CEN/TC 230 “Water analysis” the secretariat of which is held by DIN. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of anidentical text or by endorsement, at the latest by April 2016, and conflicting national standards shall bewithdraw
13、n at the latest by April 2016. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject ofpatent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patentrights. According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the na
14、tional standards organizations of thefollowing countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia,France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lith
15、uania, Luxembourg, Malta,Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,Turkey and the United Kingdom.Endorsement notice The text of ISO 10703:2007 has been approved by CEN as EN ISO 10703:2015 without any modification. BS EN ISO 10703:2015ISO 10703:20
16、07(E) ISO 2007 All rights reserved iiiContents PageForeword ivIntroduction v1Scope. 12Normative references. 13Terms and definitions. 24Symbols and units 45Principle. 56Reference sources 57Reagents58Gamma spectrometry equipment 69Sampling 810 Procedure 811 Expression of results. 1112 Test report. 16A
17、nnex A (informative) Example of a carrier solution which can be added to the water samplewhen waste water from a nuclear power plant is investigated 17Annex B (informative) Calculation of the activity concentration from a gamma spectrum usinga linear background subtraction (undisturbed peak) 18Bibli
18、ography. 20BS EN ISO 10703:2015ISO 10703:2007(E)iv ISO 2007 All rights reservedForeword ISO(the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies(ISOmember bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out throughISOte
19、chnical committees. Each mem ber bodyinterested in a subject for which a technical co mmittee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmentaland non-governmental, in liaison with ISO,also take part in the work. ISOcollaborates closely
20、 with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordancewith the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft Int
21、ernational Standardsadopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval byat least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may
22、 be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying an y or all such patent rights. ISO 10703 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 147, Water quality. This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 10703:1997),which has been technicallyrevised.B
23、S EN ISO 10703:2015ISO 10703:2007(E) ISO 2007 All rights reserved vIntroduction This International Standard allows (after proper sampling, sample handling and, when necessary or desirable,sample preparation) the simultaneous determination of the activity concentration of several gamma-rayemitting ra
24、dionuclides in water samples by gamma-ray spectrometry using high puritygermanium HPGe detectors. Gamma-ray emitting radionuclides are widespread both as naturally occurring and as man-maderadionuclides. Therefore, environmental samples usually contain a multitude of different gamma-ray emittersand
25、high resolution gamma-ray spectrometry provides a useful analytical tool for environmentalmeasurements.BS EN ISO 10703:2015BS EN ISO 10703:2015INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 10703:2007(E) ISO 2007 All rights reserved 1Water quality Determination of the activityconcentration of radionuclides Method by hi
26、gh resolution gamma-rayspectrometryWARNING Persons using this International Standard should be familiar with normal laboratorypractice. This International Standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any,associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user to establis
27、h appropriate safety and healthpractices and to ensure compliance with any national regulatory conditions.IMPORTANT It is absolutely essential that tests conducted in accordance with this InternationalStandard be carried out by suitably trained staff.1 Scope This International Standard specifies a m
28、ethod for the simultaneous determination of the activity concentration of various radionuclides emitting gamma rays with energies 40 keV 1 022 keV), Compton scattering and photoelectric absorption 3.8 gamma cascade two or more different gamma-photons emitted successivelywithin the resolution time, f
29、rom one nucleus when it de-excites through one or more intermediate energy levels3.9 gamma radiation electromagnetic radiation emitted in the process of nuclear transition or particle annihilation 3.10 gamma-ray spectrometry method ofmeasuring gamma rays yielding the energy spectrum of the gamm arad
30、iation 3.11 pile-up processing by a radiation spectrometer of pulses resulting from the simultaneous absorption of particles, orphotons, originating from different decaying nuclei, in the radiation detector.NOTE As a result, they are counted as one single particle or photon with an energy between th
31、eindividual energiesand the sum of these energies. 3.12 transition probabilityfraction of the nucleiwhich disintegrates in a specific wayBS EN ISO 10703:2015ISO 10703:2007(E)4 ISO 2007 All rights reserved4 Symbols and units V Volume of the water sample for test, in litresA Activity of each radionucl
32、ide in calibration source, at the calibration time, in becquerels,c,AAcc Activityconcentration 1) of each radionuclide, without and with corrections, expressed in becquerels per litre tg Sample spectrum counting time, in secondst0 Background spectrum counting time, in secondsts Calibration spectrum
33、counting time, in seconds,0,s,NE NE NEnn n Number of counts in the net area of the peak, at energyE , in the sample spectrum,in the background spectrum and in the calibration spectrum, respectivelyg, g0,gs,E EEnn n Number of counts in the gross area of the peak, at energy E , in the samplespectrum,
34、in the background spectrum and in the calibration spectrum, respectivelyb, b0,bs,E EEnn n Number of counts in the background of the peak, at energy E , in the samplespectrum in the background spectrum and in the calibration spectrum, respectivelyE Efficiency of the detector at energyE at actual meas
35、urement geometryEP Probability of the emission of a gamma ray with energy E of each radionuclide, perdecay Decay constant of each radionuclide, in reciprocal seconds,c(),( )AAuc uc Standarduncertainty associated with the measurement result, without and with corrections, in becquerels per litreU Expa
36、nded uncertainty calculated by ( )AUkuc= with k = 1, 2., in becquerels per litre,c,AAcc Decisionthreshold, without and withcorrections, in becquerels per litre#,c,AAcc Detection limit, without and with corrections, in becquerelsper litre,AAcc Lower and upper limits of the confidence interval, in bec
37、querels per litre1) “Volumic activity” is an alternative name for “Activityconcentration“. BS EN ISO 10703:2015ISO 10703:2007(E) ISO 2007 All rights reserved 55 Principle Gamma rays cause electron-hole pairs when interacting with matter.When a voltage is applied across a semiconductor detector, thes
38、e electron hole-pairs are, after proper amplification, detected as current pulses.The pulseheight is related to the energy absorbed from the gamma-photon or photons in the resolving time of the detector and electronics. By discriminating between the height of the pulses, a gamma-ray pulse heightspec
39、trum is obtained. After analysis of the spectrum, the various peaks are assigned to the radionuclideswhich emitted the corresponding gamm a rays using the previously o btainedenergydetector calibr ation. Theconcentration of the radionuclides present in the sample is calculated using the previously o
40、btained energy-dependent detector efficiency.6 Reference sources All certified reference sources shall be traceable to a national or international standard. 6.1Reference source(s) for energy calibration One or more reference sources emitting gamma rays with accurately known energies covering the ent
41、ireenergy range to be studied shall be used. It is recommended that photon-emitting sources be used which cover the energy region of interest. Choosethe source so that at least nine full energy peaks uniformly divided throughout the energy range of interestare available; sources containing long-live
42、d radionuclides (europium-152, americium-241, cobalt-60,caesium-137) are recommended for this purpose. For a periodical control on the energy calibration, a smallernumber of energypeaks can be used. 6.2Reference source(s) for efficiency calibrationOne or more reference sources, traceable to national
43、 or international standards, for which the uncertaintyof the activity is stated shall be used. Multi-radionuclide sources may also be used. The energies of the emitted gamma rays shall be distributed over the entire energy range to be analysed, in sucha way that theenergy-dependent efficiencyof the
44、measuring apparatus can be determined in a sufficiently accurateway. Formost purposes, the accuracy is sufficient if the difference in counting efficiency between two subsequent energies is smaller than 10% of the counting efficiencyat 120 keV, if the required radionuclides are available. For determ
45、ining the activity of radionuclide-emitting gamma rays in th e energy region 40 keV 5 000 s 1), are to be expected, a pulse pile-up rejection circuit can be useful. 8.7 Multichannel analyser (MCA) or multichannel buffer (MCB)The optimum number of channels depends on the energy resolution and the stu
46、died energy range. For good resolution in the energy range of 100 keV to 2 000 keV, 4 096-8 192 channels are required (seeReference 11).8.8Computer, including peripherical devices and softwareThe computer, in combination with the available hardware and software (see References 1 and 2), shouldbe abl
47、e to: read the data from the MCA or MCB; reproduce these data ona video display,aplotter ora printer andstore them; determine the relationbetween channel number and corresponding energy over the entire energy rangeto be studied (energy calibration), by making use of the appropriate reference source;
48、 determine the energy-dependent efficiencyover the entire energy range to be studied (efficiency calibration), by making use of the appropriate reference source; detect peaks, to determine the characteristicsof the detected peaks such asthe centroid, the full peakwidth at half maximum height, the nu
49、mber of net counts collected under the peak, and to determine the uncertainty of this number; identify the radionuclides responsible for the observed full energy peaks by making use of radionuclidereferences, for instance see References 4 to 7; calculate the activity concentration of the respective radionuclides on the basis of the number ofcounts,the counting time, the counting efficiencyand the data given in radionuclide references, for instance see References 4 to 7; calculate the standard
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