BS EN ISO 26800-2011 Ergonomics General approach principles and concepts《人类工效学 一般方法 原理和概念》.pdf

1、raising standards worldwideNO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWBSI Standards PublicationBS EN ISO 26800:2011Ergonomics Generalapproach, principles andconcepts (ISO 26800:2011)BS EN ISO 26800:2011 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standard is the UK imple

2、mentation of EN ISO26800:2011.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee PH/9, Applied ergonomics.A list of organizations represented on this committee can beobtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessaryprovisions

3、 of a contract. Users are responsible for its correctapplication. BSI 2011ISBN 978 0 580 55960 0ICS 01.040.13; 13.180Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligations.This British Standard was published under the authority of theStandards Policy and Strategy Committee o

4、n 30 September 2011.Amendments issued since publicationDate Text affectedEUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM EN ISO 26800 August 2011 ICS 01.040.13; 13.180 English Version Ergonomics - General approach, principles and concepts (ISO 26800:2011) Ergonomie - Approche gnrale, principes et

5、concepts (ISO 26800:2011) Ergonomie - Genereller Ansatz, Prinzipien und Konzepte (ISO 26800:2011) This European Standard was approved by CEN on 6 August 2011. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard th

6、e status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, Fren

7、ch, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,

8、 Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STAN

9、DARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2011 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN ISO 26800:2011: EBS EN ISO 26800:2011EN ISO 26800:2

10、011 (E) 3 Foreword This document (EN ISO 26800:2011) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 159 “Ergonomics“ in collaboration with Technical Committee CEN/TC 122 “Ergonomics” the secretariat of which is held by DIN. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, ei

11、ther by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by February 2012, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by February 2012. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN

12、and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, C

13、zech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. Endorsement notice The text of ISO 26800:2

14、011 has been approved by CEN as a EN ISO 26800:2011 without any modification. BS EN ISO 26800:2011ISO 26800:2011(E) ISO 2011 All rights reserved iiiContents Page Foreword iv Introduction.v 1 Scope1 2 Terms and definitions .1 3 The ergonomics approach3 4 Principles of ergonomics4 4.1 General .4 4.2 H

15、uman-centred 5 4.3 Criteria-based evaluation7 5 Concepts in ergonomics.7 5.1 General .7 5.2 The system concept8 5.3 Load-effects concept 9 5.4 Usability10 5.5 Accessibility.11 6 The ergonomics-oriented design process12 6.1 General .12 6.2 Basic requirements for an ergonomics-oriented design process1

16、2 7 Conformity13 Annex A (informative) Sustainability 14 Annex B (informative) Textual descriptions of the figures for visually impaired readers 15 Bibliography17 BS EN ISO 26800:2011ISO 26800:2011(E) iv ISO 2011 All rights reservedForeword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is

17、 a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represen

18、ted on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are dr

19、afted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International S

20、tandard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 26800 was prepare

21、d by Technical Committee ISO/TC 159, Ergonomics, Subcommittee SC 1, General ergonomics principles. BS EN ISO 26800:2011ISO 26800:2011(E) ISO 2011 All rights reserved vIntroduction Human, technological, economic, environmental and organizational factors all affect the behaviour, activities and well-b

22、eing of people in work, domestic and leisure contexts. The science of ergonomics has evolved from its origins in the context of work to embrace many other fields of application, such as home and leisure. However, whatever the context, the underlying principles of ergonomics remain the same, although

23、 the relative emphasis placed on them will vary. These principles are fundamental to the design process wherever human involvement is expected, in order to ensure the optimum integration of human requirements and characteristics into a design. This International Standard considers systems, users, wo

24、rkers, tasks, activities, equipment and the environment as the basis for optimizing the match between them. These principles and concepts serve to improve safety, performance and usability (effectiveness, efficiency and satisfaction), while safeguarding and enhancing human health and well-being, and

25、 improving accessibility (e.g. for elderly persons and persons with disabilities). Ergonomics covers a wide range of issues, including physical, cognitive, social and organizational. These are ideally addressed within an integrated framework. A substantial number of ergonomics standards have been de

26、veloped to cover specific issues and different application domains. All depend upon the basic principles and concepts that are fundamental to the ergonomics approach to design. This International Standard has been developed in order to provide an integrated framework, bringing together the basic pri

27、nciples and concepts of ergonomics in one document, and thus providing a high-level view of the way in which ergonomics is applied. NOTE 1 ISO 63852remains a high-level International Standard for work systems. NOTE 2 A complete list of current published ergonomics International Standards can be acce

28、ssed via http:/www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_tc_browse.htm?commid=53348 characteristics of the intended target population (see 4.2.2); goals to be achieved and tasks to be performed (see 4.2.3); existing constraints (e.g. legacy equipment or processes, economic or legal issues

29、); factors of the physical, organizational and social environment (see 4.2.4); life cycle and any dynamic changes within it (see Clause 6). In order to achieve optimized system performance, all these factors shall be taken into account. Figure 1 provides an example of factors to be taken into accoun

30、t in an ergonomics approach. It shows the activity of a person as central to the functionality of the system. Additional factors might be identified for a particular context. NOTE 2 A textual description of Figure 1 is given in B.2. NOTE 3 The analysis of variations in activities in the context of u

31、se helps in the understanding of potential effects on health and safety and, on the other hand, quantitative and qualitative results. BS EN ISO 26800:2011ISO 26800:2011(E) 4 ISO 2011 All rights reservedFigure 1 Example of factors to be taken into account in optimizing system performance In its simpl

32、est form, the system consists of a human and at least one other element (human, machine or environment) interacting within a specific context. More complex systems involve further elements (e.g. humans, machines or equipment). All such systems can be found in different contexts such as work, public

33、life, leisure, etc. In the context of work, these systems are called work systems. NOTE 4 An example of a simple system is given in 5.2 and Figure 2 (see also Annex B). NOTE 5 A more detailed account of designing work systems can be found in ISO 63852. This International Standard includes both princ

34、iples (see Clause 4) and concepts (see Clause 5). The principles are fundamental to an ergonomics-oriented design process (see Clause 6) and serve to distinguish an ergonomics approach from other approaches that do not observe these principles. To meet the main goal of ergonomics, i.e. optimizing sy

35、stem performance, the principles presented in Clause 4 shall be applied. Concepts provide the means for interpreting, addressing and evaluating design from an ergonomics perspective. Those presented in this International Standard have previously been successfully applied in specific contexts to achi

36、eve an ergonomic design outcome that meets ergonomics goals and can be helpful in other contexts, although they are not necessarily universally applicable. The concepts described in Clause 5 shall be applied where appropriate. 4 Principles of ergonomics 4.1 General This clause presents the principle

37、s which are fundamental to an ergonomics approach. These place the human at the centre of the ergonomics approach to design (human-centred, see 4.2), taking into account the diversity of the human population (target population, see 4.2.2) and the implications of the task for the human (task oriented

38、, see 4.2.3), as well as the environment in which the outcome of the design is to be used (environmental context, see 4.2.4). Finally, it emphasises the basic ergonomics criteria which need to be applied in evaluating the design (criteria-based evaluation, see 4.3). BS EN ISO 26800:2011ISO 26800:201

39、1(E) ISO 2011 All rights reserved 54.2 Human-centred 4.2.1 General An ergonomics approach to design shall be human-centred. This means that all designable components of a system, product or service are fitted to the characteristics of the intended users, operators or workers, rather than selecting a

40、nd/or adapting humans to fit the system, product or service. This should be done by consideration of the intended target population, the task, goal or intended outcome of the system, product or service, and the environment in which the design is to function. From an ergonomics point of view, selecti

41、on and training strategies are no substitute for an appropriate design of systems, products or services, although some selection and training can still be required. Those affected by the design (e.g. workers or users) should be involved throughout the whole design process, including evaluation. This

42、 will help to optimize solutions (e.g. by providing specific experience and requirements). Their early and continued participation and involvement is regarded as an efficient design strategy within ergonomics. NOTE For a more detailed description of the human-centred approach for interactive systems

43、, see, for example, ISO 9241-2108. 4.2.2 Target population The target population shall be identified and described. The human population is very diverse. Humans vary in their physical dimensions and in their biomechanical, sensory and cognitive capabilities. This is why ergonomics design is usually

44、orientated towards a specified target population, not towards one individual or the entire population. Discrimination leading to unfair treatment (e.g. on the basis of gender, age or disability) shall be avoided in identifying and specifying the target population (see ILO Convention No.11122). NOTE

45、1 In particular circumstances (e.g. rehabilitation), the target population might be one person. NOTE 2 Target populations may change over time and any such trends need to be considered. NOTE 3 The inclusion of older persons and people with disabilities in the target population and designing accordin

46、gly can help to improve the accessibility of a system, product or service (see ISO/IEC Guide 7120and ISO/TR 2241117). The characteristics of the target population relevant to the design shall be identified and their range of variation within the intended target population specified (e.g. body size,

47、visual abilities, literacy, skills, knowledge). NOTE 4 For more detailed descriptions of sources of variability, see, for example, ISO 1473812for anthropometric requirements of workers and ISO/TR 2241117for ergonomics data of elderly or disabled persons. In ergonomics, the variation within the targe

48、t population is commonly accounted for by using the 5th and/or 95th percentiles of important design characteristics (e.g. body size, visual abilities, literacy), with the intention of accommodating at least 90 % of the target population. In some circumstances, a different percentile range is used. F

49、or example, in many safety-related applications, the 1st and 99th percentiles are used. NOTE 5 In most instances, the use of average values is not an adequate way of accommodating the range of values to be found associated with a particular characteristic. NOTE 6 It is important to recognize that uncritical use of univariate percentiles, where simultaneous accommodation of multiple characteristics is necessary, might lead to a smaller range of the population being included than had been intended. The degree to which an ergo