BS EN ISO 9934-1-2016 Non-destructive testing Magnetic particle testing General principles《无损检验 磁粉检验 一般原则》.pdf

1、BS EN ISO 9934-1:2016Non-destructive testing Magnetic particle testingPart 1: General principles (ISO 9934-1:2016)BSI Standards PublicationWB11885_BSI_StandardCovs_2013_AW.indd 1 15/05/2013 15:06BS EN ISO 9934-1:2016 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of

2、EN ISO 9934-1:2016. It supersedes BS EN ISO 9934-1:2015 which is withdrawn.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee WEE/46, Non-destructive testing.A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary.This publication d

3、oes not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. The British Standards Institution 2016. Published by BSI Standards Limited 2016ISBN 978 0 580 93987 7 ICS 19.100 Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from le

4、gal obligations.This British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 December 2016.Amendments/corrigenda issued since publicationDate Text affectedBS EN ISO 9934-1:2016EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM EN ISO 9934-1 December 201

5、6 ICS 19.100 Supersedes EN ISO 9934-1:2015English Version Non-destructive testing - Magnetic particle testing - Part 1: General principles (ISO 9934-1:2016) Essais non destructifs - Magntoscopie - Partie 1: Principes gnraux du contrle (ISO 9934-1:2016) Zerstrungsfreie Prfung - Magnetpulverprfung - T

6、eil 1: Allgemeine Grundlagen (ISO 9934-1:2016) This European Standard was approved by CEN on 21 October 2016. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alter

7、ation. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made

8、 by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estoni

9、a, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey andUnited Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDAR

10、DIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2016 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN ISO 9934-1:2016 EBS EN ISO 9934-1:2016EN I

11、SO 9934-1:2016 (E) 2 Contents Page European foreword . 3 BS EN ISO 9934-1:2016EN ISO 9934-1:2016 (E) 3 European foreword This document (EN ISO 9934-1:2016) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 135 “Non-destructive testing“ in collaboration with Technical Committee CEN/TC 138 “Non-destruct

12、ive testing” the secretariat of which is held by AFNOR. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by June 2017, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by June 2017.

13、 Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. This document supersedes EN ISO 9934-1:2015. According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Re

14、gulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland,

15、 Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom. Endorsement notice The text of ISO 9934-1:2016 has been approved by CEN as EN ISO 9934-1:2016 without any modification. BS EN I

16、SO 9934-1:2016ISO 9934-1:2016(E)Foreword iv1 Scope . 12 Normative references 13 Terms and definitions . 14 Qualification and certification of personnel . 25 Safety and environment 26 Testing procedure . 27 Surface preparation 28 Magnetization 28.1 General requirements . 28.2 Verification of magnetiz

17、ation . 38.3 Magnetizing techniques 48.3.1 General 48.3.2 Current flow techniques 48.3.3 Magnetic flow techniques 69 Detection media .109.1 Properties and selection of media . 109.2 Testing of detection media . 109.3 Application of detection media 1010 Viewing conditions 1011 Overall performance tes

18、t 1012 Interpretation and recording of indications 1113 Demagnetization .1114 Cleaning 1115 Test report 12Annex A (informative) Example for determination of currents required to achieve specified tangential field strengths for various magnetization techniques 13Bibliography .17 ISO 2016 All rights r

19、eserved iiiContents PageBS EN ISO 9934-1:2016ISO 9934-1:2016(E)ForewordISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical comm

20、ittees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the

21、International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the

22、 different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO

23、 shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).Any trade name used in this docume

24、nt is information given for the convenience of users and does not constitute an endorsement.For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISOs adherence to the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Te

25、chnical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 135, Non-destructive testing, Subcommittee SC 2, Surface methods.This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition (ISO 9934-1:2015), of which it consti

26、tutes a minor revision, with the modification for clarity of Clause 13 and other editorial improvements.A list of all parts in the ISO 9934 series, published under the general title Non-destructive testing Magnetic particle testing, can be found on the ISO website.iv ISO 2016 All rights reservedBS E

27、N ISO 9934-1:2016INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 9934-1:2016(E)Non-destructive testing Magnetic particle testing Part 1: General principles1 ScopeThis document specifies general principles for the magnetic particle testing of ferromagnetic materials. Magnetic particle testing is primarily applicable to t

28、he detection of surface-breaking discontinuities, particularly cracks. It can also detect discontinuities just below the surface but its sensitivity diminishes rapidly with depth.This document specifies the surface preparation of the part to be tested, magnetization techniques, requirements and appl

29、ication of the detection media, and the recording and interpretation of results. Acceptance criteria are not defined. Additional requirements for the magnetic particle testing of particular items are defined in product standards (see the relevant International Standards or European standards).This d

30、ocument does not apply to the residual magnetization method.2 Normative referencesThe following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated reference

31、s, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.ISO 3059, Non-destructive testing Penetrant testing and magnetic particle testing Viewing conditionsISO 9934-2, Non-destructive testing Magnetic particle testing Part 2: Detection mediaISO 9934-3, Non-destructive tes

32、ting Magnetic particle testing Part 3: EquipmentISO 12707, Non-destructive testing Magnetic particle testing VocabularyEN 1330-1, Non-destructive testing Terminology Part 1: General termsEN 1330-2, Non-destructive testing Terminology Part 2: Terms common to non-destructive testing methods3 Terms and

33、 definitionsFor the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 12707, EN 1330-1 and EN 1330-2 apply.ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses: IEC Electropedia: available at http:/www.electropedia.org/ ISO Online browsi

34、ng platform: available at http:/www.iso.org/obp ISO 2016 All rights reserved 1BS EN ISO 9934-1:2016ISO 9934-1:2016(E)4 Qualification and certification of personnelIt is assumed that magnetic particle testing is performed by qualified and capable personnel. In order to provide this qualification, it

35、is recommended to certify the personnel in accordance with ISO 9712 or equivalent.5 Safety and environmentInternational, regional, national and/or local regulations which include health, safety and environment may exist and may need to be taken into account.Magnetic particle testing often creates hi

36、gh magnetic fields close to the object under test and the magnetizing equipment. Items sensitive to these fields should be excluded from such areas.6 Testing procedureWhen required at the time of enquiry and order, magnetic particle testing shall be performed in accordance with a written procedure.T

37、he procedure can take the form of a brief technique sheet, containing a reference to this and other appropriate standards. The procedure should specify testing parameters in sufficient detail for the test to be repeatable.All testing shall be performed in accordance with an approved written procedur

38、e or the relevant product standard shall be referenced7 Surface preparationAreas to be tested shall be free from dirt, scale, loose rust, weld spatter, grease, oil, and any other foreign materials that can affect the test sensitivity.The surface quality requirements are dependent upon the size and o

39、rientation of the discontinuity to be detected. The surface shall be prepared so that relevant indications can be clearly distinguished from false indications.Non-ferromagnetic coatings up to approximately 50 m thickness, such as unbroken adherent paint layers, do not normally impair detection sensi

40、tivity. Thicker coatings reduce sensitivity. Under these conditions, the sensitivity shall be verified.There shall be a sufficient visual contrast between the indications and the test surface. For the non-fluorescent technique, it might be necessary to apply a uniform, thin, temporarily adherent lay

41、er of approved contrast aid paint.8 Magnetization8.1 General requirementsThe minimum magnetic flux density (B) regarded as adequate for testing is 1 T. The applied magnetic field (H) required to achieve this in low-alloy and low-carbon steels is determined by the relative permeability of the materia

42、l. This varies according to the material, the temperatures, and also with the applied magnetic field and for these reasons, it is not possible to provide a definitive requirement for the applied magnetic field. However, typically a tangential field of approximately 2 kA/m will be required.Where time

43、 varying currents (I) are used to produce a magnetic field (which will also be time varying), it is important to control the crest factor (shape) of the waveform and the method of measurement of the current in order to establish a repeatable technique. Both peak and RMS measurements are 2 ISO 2016 A

44、ll rights reservedBS EN ISO 9934-1:2016ISO 9934-1:2016(E)typically used and measurement of the values can be affected by the response of the instrument. For this reason, only instruments that respond directly to the waveform shall be used (e.g. true RMS meters with appropriate crest factor capabilit

45、y for accurate RMS measurements). Instruments that calculate peak or RMS values based on theoretical calculation derived from other values shall not be used. This shall also apply to instruments used to measure magnetic fieldsSmooth shaped waveforms provide low crest factors and least variation betw

46、een peak and true RMS values and are regarded as preferable for magnetic particle testing. Waveforms with a crest factor (i.e. lpk/lRMS) greater than 3 shall not be used without documented evidence of the effectiveness of the technique.When using multidirectional magnetization techniques, the curren

47、t used shall be purely sinusoidal or phase controlled but the phase cutting shall not be more than 90. Practical demonstration that the technique is effective in all directions shall be carried out (e.g. using sample parts with known defects or shim type indicators).Provided the permeability is in t

48、he normal range and the current measurement methods are controlled as described, calculations based on the use of 2 kA/m can provide a valuable method of technique preparation. The use of either peak current or true RMS current is acceptable if the crest factor is known. Knowing the entire waveform

49、of the magnetizing curve would be optimal, but knowing the crest factor is a good practical approximation. For pure sinusoidal waveforms, the relationship between peak, mean, and RMS is shown in Annex A. Techniques based on calculation shall be verified before implementation.NOTE 1 For steels, with low relative permeability, a higher tangential field strength might be necessary. If magnetization is too high, spurious background indications can appear, which could mask relevant indications.If cracks or other linear disconti