BS IEC 61577-1-2006 Radiation protection instrumentation - Radon and radon decay product measuring instruments - General principles《辐射防护仪 氡和氡衰变产品测量仪 总则》.pdf

1、 g49g50g3g38g50g51g60g44g49g42g3g58g44g55g43g50g56g55g3g37g54g44g3g51g40g53g48g44g54g54g44g50g49g3g40g59g38g40g51g55g3g36g54g3g51g40g53g48g44g55g55g40g39g3g37g60g3g38g50g51g60g53g44g42g43g55g3g47g36g58product measuring instruments Part 1: General principlesICS 13.280Radiation protection instrumentat

2、ion Radon and radon decay BRITISH STANDARDBS IEC 61577-1:2006BS IEC 61577-1:2006This British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 29 September 2006 BSI 2006ISBN 0 580 48853 5Amendments issued since publicationAmd. No. Date Commentscontract. Use

3、rs are responsible for its correct application.Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations.National forewordThis British Standard was published by BSI. It is the UK implementation of IEC 61577-1:2006.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Techni

4、cal Committee NCE/2, Radiation protection and measurement. A list of organizations represented on NCE/2 can be obtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a IECINTERNATIONAL STANDARD 61577-1Second edition2006-07Radiation protectio

5、n instrumentation Radon and radon decay product measuring instruments Part 1: General principles Reference number CEI/IEC 61577-1:2006 CONTENTS FOREWORD.3 INTRODUCTION.5 1 Scope and object7 2 Normative references .7 3 Terms, definitions and units7 3.1 General definitions 8 3.2 Specific definitions 1

6、1 3.3 Units and conversion factors .15 4 Instruments used for measuring radon and radon decay product 15 4.1 General .15 4.2 Criteria for the classification of radon and RnDP measuring instruments .16 4.3 Methods of measuring radon in an atmosphere .16 4.4 Methods of measuring radon decay product in

7、 an atmosphere.17 4.5 Influence quantities .18 4.6 Range of test parameters 18 5 Need for a reference atmosphere .18 5.1 Usual test methods limitations.18 5.2 Mixtures of radon isotopes 19 6 The concept of STAR .19 7 Protocols for testing radon and RnDP measuring instruments.20 7.1 Specific requirem

8、ents for testing 222Rn measuring instruments 20 7.2 Specific requirements for testing 220Rn measuring instruments 20 7.3 Specific requirements for testing RnDP222measuring instruments .20 7.4 Specific requirements for testing RnDP220measuring instruments .21 Annex A (informative) Structure of the IE

9、C 61577 series22 Bibliography23 2 BS IEC 61577-1:2006INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION _ RADIATION PROTECTION INSTRUMENTATION RADON AND RADON DECAY PRODUCT MEASURING INSTRUMENTS Part 1: General principles FOREWORD 1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organiza

10、tion for standardization comprising all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of IEC is to promote international co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To this end and in addition to other activities, IEC

11、 publishes International Standards, Technical Specifications, Technical Reports, Publicly Available Specifications (PAS) and Guides (hereafter referred to as “IEC Publication(s)”). Their preparation is entrusted to technical committees; any IEC National Committee interested in the subject dealt with

12、 may participate in this preparatory work. International, governmental and non-governmental organizations liaising with the IEC also participate in this preparation. IEC collaborates closely with the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in accordance with conditions determined by agr

13、eement between the two organizations. 2) The formal decisions or agreements of IEC on technical matters express, as nearly as possible, an international consensus of opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has representation from all interested IEC National Committees. 3) IEC

14、 Publications have the form of recommendations for international use and are accepted by IEC National Committees in that sense. While all reasonable efforts are made to ensure that the technical content of IEC Publications is accurate, IEC cannot be held responsible for the way in which they are use

15、d or for any misinterpretation by any end user. 4) In order to promote international uniformity, IEC National Committees undertake to apply IEC Publications transparently to the maximum extent possible in their national and regional publications. Any divergence between any IEC Publication and the co

16、rresponding national or regional publication shall be clearly indicated in the latter. 5) IEC provides no marking procedure to indicate its approval and cannot be rendered responsible for any equipment declared to be in conformity with an IEC Publication. 6) All users should ensure that they have th

17、e latest edition of this publication. 7) No liability shall attach to IEC or its directors, employees, servants or agents including individual experts and members of its technical committees and IEC National Committees for any personal injury, property damage or other damage of any nature whatsoever

18、, whether direct or indirect, or for costs (including legal fees) and expenses arising out of the publication, use of, or reliance upon, this IEC Publication or any other IEC Publications. 8) Attention is drawn to the Normative references cited in this publication. Use of the referenced publications

19、 is indispensable for the correct application of this publication. 9) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this IEC Publication may be the subject of patent rights. IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. International Standard I

20、EC 61577-1 has been prepared by subcommittee 45B: Radiation protection instrumentation, of IEC technical committee 45: Nuclear instrumentation. This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition published in 2000. This edition constitutes a technical revision. This edition includes the follo

21、wing significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition: a) new structure of the series (see Annex A); b) proposal for classification of instruments used for measuring radon and RnDP. 3 BS IEC 61577-1:2006The text of this standard is based on the following documents: FDIS Report on v

22、oting 45B/496/FDIS 45B/508/RVDFull information on the voting for the approval of this standard can be found in the report on voting indicated in the above table. This publication has been drafted in accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. A list of all the parts of the IEC 61577 series, unde

23、r the general title Radiation protection instrumentation Radon and radon decay product measuring instruments, can be found on the IEC website. The committee has decided that the contents of this publication will remain unchanged until the maintenance result date indicated on the IEC web site under “

24、http:/webstore.iec.ch“ in the data related to the specific publication. At this date, the publication will be reconfirmed; withdrawn; replaced by a revised edition, or amended. 4 BS IEC 61577-1:2006INTRODUCTION Radon is a radioactive gas produced by the decay of 226Ra, 223Ra and 224Ra, respectively

25、decay products of 238U, 235U and 232Th, which are present in the earths crust. By decay, radon isotopes (i.e. 222Rn, 219Rn, 220Rn) produce three decay chains ending in a stable lead isotope. NOTE 1 In normal conditions, due to the very short half-life of 219Rn, its activity and the activities of its

26、 RnDP are considered negligible compared to the activity of the other two series. Its health effects are therefore not important. Thus, in this standard, 219Rn and its decay products are not considered. Radon isotopes and their corresponding short-lived radon decay products (RnDP) (i.e., 218Po, 214P

27、b, 214Bi, 214Po for 222Rn, and 216Po, 212Pb, 212Bi, 212Po, 208Tl for 220Rn) (see Figures 1 and 2) are of considerable importance, as they constitute the major part of the radiological exposure to natural radioactivity for the general public and workers. In some workplaces, for instance in undergroun

28、d mines, spas and waterworks, the workers are exposed to very significant levels of RnDP. These radionuclides are present in variable quantities in the air, in a gaseous form for the radon isotopes, and as very fine particles for the decay products. It is worth while for health physicists to be able

29、 to measure with great accuracy the level of this kind of natural radioactivity in the atmosphere. Because of the very particular behaviour of these radioactive elements in the atmosphere and corresponding measuring instruments, it is necessary to regulate the way such instruments could be tested 1,

30、 21. NOTE 2 The nuclear data of Figures 1 and 2 refer to ICRP 38, because this standard applies mainly to instruments used for radiation protection purposes. 1Figures in square brackets refer to the Bibliography. 5 BS IEC 61577-1:2006Figure 1 238U decay chain 232Th 228Ra 228Th 228Ac 224Ra 220Rn216Po

31、 212Pb 212Po 208Pb 212Bi 208Tl (1,4051010 a) (5,75 a) (6,15 h) (1,912 a) (3,66 d) (55,6 s) (0,15 s) (10,64 h) 4 MeV 5,4 MeV 5,7 MeV 6,3 MeV 6,8 Mev 6,1 MeV 8,8 MeV (60,55 min) (2,9810-7s) (3,053 min) (stable) (36 %) (64 %) Figure 2 232Th decay chain 226Ra 222Rn 218Po 214Pb 214Po210Po 210Pb206Pb 214B

32、i210Bi (24,1 d) (1600 a) (3,8235 d) (3,05 min) 4,7 MeV 4,8 MeV 5,5 Mev 6 MeV 7,7 MeV 5,30 MeV (19,9 min) (165 s) (5,013 d) (138,4 d) (26,8 min) (22,3 a) (stable) 230Th 234U 234mPa 234Th 238U 4,8 MeV 4,2 MeV (7,538104a) (2,455105a) (1,17 min) 4,47109 a IEC 1119/06 IEC 1120/06 6 BS IEC 61577-1:2006RAD

33、IATION PROTECTION INSTRUMENTATION RADON AND RADON DECAY PRODUCT2MEASURING INSTRUMENTS Part 1: General principles 1 Scope and object The IEC 61577 series covers the general features concerning test and calibration of radon and radon decay product measuring instruments. This standard addresses only th

34、e instruments and associated methods for measuring isotopes 220 and 222 of radon and their subsequent short-lived decay products in gases. Its object is to help to define type tests which have to be conducted in order to qualify these instruments. NOTE These type tests will be described in the futur

35、e IEC 61577-2-1, IEC 61577-2-2, IEC 61577-3-1 and IEC 61577-3-2 (see IEC 61577 structure in Annex A). For the suitability of the document, this standard also proposes a classification of the instruments measuring radon or RnDP based on the duration of sampling. 2 Normative references The following r

36、eferenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. IEC 61577 (all parts), Radiation protection instrumentation Rado

37、n and radon decay product measuring instruments 3 Terms, definitions and units For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. NOTE 1 Throughout the whole document, the term “radon” is used to denote all the radon isotopes which are concerned by this standard. When a pa

38、rticular isotope is to be referred to, it will be indicated by its chemical symbol preceded by its mass number (for example, 220Rn, 222Rn). NOTE 2 The term “radon decay product” or its abbreviation (RnDP) denotes the whole set of short-lived decay products, which are concerned by this standard. A pa

39、rticular isotope is indicated by its chemical symbol preceded by its mass number. The subscripts 222, 220added to the symbol RnDP refer to the whole set of short-lived decay products of the corresponding radon isotope (218Po, 214Pb, 214Bi, 214Po), (216Po, 212Pb, 212Bi, 212Po, 208Tl). NOTE 3 All the

40、nuclear data used in this standard refer to ICRP 38, because this standard applies mainly for instruments used for radiation protection purposes. 2The term “decay product“ is used in the whole document instead of “daughters“ or “progeny“ following the recommendation of K. Ph. HOPKE, in Health Physic

41、s, vol. 64, No. 5, May 1993, p. 459. 7 BS IEC 61577-1:20063.1 General definitions 3.1.1 activity A quotient of dN by dt, where dN is the expectation value of the number of spontaneous nuclear transitions from a particular energy state at a given time, in the time interval dt tNAdd= IEV 393-14-12, mo

42、dified 3.1.2 volume activity activity concentration C activity per unit volume (Bqm3) IEV 393-14-16, modified 3.1.3 primary standard standard designed or widely acknowledged as having the highest metrological qualities and whose value is accepted without reference to other standards of the same quan

43、tity NOTE The concept of primary standard is equally valid for base quantities and derived quantities. ISO International vocabulary of basic and general terms in metrology, 6.4 3.1.4 secondary standard standard whose value is assigned by comparison with a primary standard of the same quantity ISO In

44、ternational vocabulary of basic and general terms in metrology, 6.5 3.1.5 reference standard standard generally having the highest metrological quality available at a given location or in a given organization, from which measurements made there are derived ISO International vocabulary of basic and g

45、eneral terms in metrology, 6.6 3.1.6 transfer standard standard used as an intermediary to compare standards NOTE The term transfer device should be used when the intermediary is not a standard. ISO International vocabulary of basic and general terms in metrology, 6.8 3.1.7 mass flow rate mass of a

46、gas flowing in a conduit during a unit time (kgs1) 3.1.8 volume flow rate volume of gas flowing in a conduit during a unit time (m3s1) 8 BS IEC 61577-1:20063.1.9 atmospheric standard conditions STP climatic conditions corresponding to a temperature of 0C and a pressure of 101 325 Pa (atmospheric pre

47、ssure at sea-level). The volume of gas or the volume flow rate is generally normalized to these standard conditions 3.1.10 response time (of a measuring assembly) time required after a step variation in the measured quantity for the output signal variation to reach for the first time a given percent

48、age, usually 90 %, of its final value NOTE For integrating measuring assemblies, the response time is 90 % of the equilibrium value of the first derivative or slope of the indication. IEV 394-19-09 3.1.11 electronic warm-up time time needed after applying power, for a measuring instrument, for the i

49、ndicated value to reach a value departing less than 10% from the conventionally true value, in s 3.1.12 conventionally true value of a quantity vcbest estimate of the value of a quantity used for a given purpose NOTE A conventionally true value is, in general, regarded as sufficiently close to the true value for the difference to be insignificant for the given purpose. For example, a valu