1、BRITISH STANDARD BS ISO 10356:1996 Implementation of ISO 10356:1996 Cinematography Storage and handling of nitrate-base motion-picture films ICS 37.060.20; 37.060.99BS ISO 10356:1996 This British Standard, having been prepared under the direction of the Consumer Products and Services Sector Board, w
2、as published under the authority of the Standards Board and comes into effect on 15 February 1997 BSI 11-1998 The following BSI references relate to the work on this standard: Committee reference CPW/36 Draft for comment 92/38213 DC ISBN 0 580 26615 X Committees responsible for this British Standard
3、 The preparation of this British Standard was entrusted to Technical Committee CPW/36, Cinematography, upon which the following bodies were represented: British Kinematograph, Sound and Television Society British Photographic Association ITV Association (ITVA) Amendments issued since publication Amd
4、. No. Date CommentsBSISO10356:1996 BSI 11-1998 i Contents Page Committees responsible Inside front cover National foreword ii Foreword ii 1 Scope 1 2 Normative reference 1 3 Definitions 1 4 Composition (see annex A) 1 5 Identification 1 6 Legal requirements for handling 1 7 Transportation 1 8 Storag
5、e (see annex B) 2 9 Inspection (see annex B) 2 10 Destruction 2 Annex A (informative) Chemical stability of cellulose nitrate 3 Annex B (informative) Further information on storage and inspection 3 Annex C (informative) Method for determining the nitrate-base stabilityofmotion-picture film using ali
6、zarin red C or Congo red 4 Annex D (informative) Bibliography Inside back cover Table 1 2 Table B.1 3 Table C.1 4BSISO10356:1996 ii BSI 11-1998 National foreword This British Standard reproduces verbatim ISO 10356:1996 and implements it as the UK national standard. This British Standard is published
7、 under the direction of the Consumer Products and Services Sector Board whose Technical Committee CPW/36 has the responsibility to: aid enquirers to understand the text; present to the responsible international committee any enquiries on interpretation, or proposals for change, and keep UK interests
8、 informed; monitor related international and European developments and promulgate them in the UK. NOTEInternational and European Standards, as well as overseas standards, are available from Customer Services, BSI, 389 Chiswick High Road, London W4 4AL. A British Standard does not purport to include
9、all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i a
10、nd ii, the ISO title page, page ii, pages 1 to 4, an inside back cover and a back cover. This standard has been updated (see copyright date) and may have had amendments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amendment table on theinside front cover.BS ISO 10356:1996 ii BSI 11-1998 Foreword ISO
11、(the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical comm
12、ittee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrote
13、chnical standardization. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. International Standard ISO 10356 was prepared by
14、 Technical Committee ISO/TC 36, Cinematography.BSISO10356:1996 BSI 11-1998 1 1 Scope This International Standard specifies safety aspects for handling and storage of radiation-sensitive motion-picture films which do not comply with the requirements of ISO 543. This International Standard applies to
15、all nitrate-base films which are or have been used in motion-picture photographic systems. Compliance with the storage and handling conditions specified in this International Standard does not ensure protection of the film from deterioration nor reduce its safety hazards. 2 Normative reference The f
16、ollowing standard contains provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this International Standard. At the time of publication, the edition indicated was valid. All standards are subject to revision, and parties to agreements based on this International Standard are en
17、couraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the standard indicated below. Members of IEC and ISO maintain registers of currently valid International Standards. ISO 543:1990, Photography Photographic films Specifications for safety film. 3 Definitions For the purpo
18、ses of this International Standard, the following definitions apply. 3.1 radiation-sensitive film all kinds of radiation-sensitive camera, duplicating and printing films and also processed original films, duplicates and prints 3.2 safety photographic film photographic film which passes the ignition
19、time test and burning time test as specified in ISO 543 NOTEISO 543, in specifying safety film, makes a primary distinction based upon requiring a long or infinite burning time for a sample in a specified test. Additional information is given concerning films whose composition is such that they may
20、be expected to fail, or to give ambiguous results in, the burning test. 3.3 nitrate-base film; cellulose nitrate film radiation-sensitive nitrate-base film which fails the burning and ignition tests of ISO 543 NOTEBecause of the precautions required for the safe handling and storage of nitrate-base
21、film, all radiation-sensitive films that do not originally (as opposed to being transferred from some other film) carry the marking specified by annex B of ISO543:1990 should be considered to be nitrate-base films until proven otherwise. 4 Composition (see annex A) The composition of nitrate-base fi
22、lm is described approximately by the following contents, expressed as percentages by mass: WARNING Although the fundamental hazard of cellulose nitrate is flammability, which has been somewhat reduced by the addition of the plasticizer, it is considered an explosive in the sense of laws on explosive
23、s. Cellulose nitrate is easily ignited, has a low ignition temperature and a fast burning rate, decomposes even without access to air and during decomposition forms flammable and toxic gases which yield explosive mixtures with air. The decomposition is exothermic and autocatalytic and can lead to au
24、to-ignition. Heating of cellulose nitrate in closed containers causes explosive decomposition. 5 Identification The identification of nitrate-base films shall be carried out in accordance with ISO 543. 6 Legal requirements for handling Handling of photographic nitrate-base films is regulated by laws
25、 covering explosives. The storage of these films is also regulated by laws covering chemicals. During handling and storage, all relevant laws and regulations on safety aspects shall be observed. All working rooms shall be identified and marked accordingly. 7 Transportation Transportation of nitrate-
26、base film on the road, by rail, at sea and by air shall be in accordance with national and international regulations and laws (e.g. Dangerous Goods Regulation of the International Civil Aviation Organization). WARNING Nitrate-base film shall not be transported by mail. cellulose nitrate (nitrogen co
27、ntent 11,5 % to 12,6 %) 70 % to 82 % plasticizer 5 % to 15 % photographic layers 5 % to 15 % gaseous components 1,5 % to 4,5 %BS ISO 10356:1996 2 BSI 11-1998 8 Storage (see annex B) Nitrate-base films are difficult to store because of their low chemical stability, although experience has shown that
28、the onset of deterioration can vary over a surprisingly long period extending from one to several decades. The useful life depends not only upon the storage conditions but, in seemingly unpredictable ways, upon variables of prior history of the film. Frequent use of nitrate-base film, involving spoo
29、ling and unspooling with concurrent exposures of individual convolutions to full ventilation, has been observed to extend the useful life. Consequently, all films which are kept in archives shall be examined, cleaned and tested on an established schedule (seeclause 9). If the film shows signs of det
30、erioration, the subject matter should be preserved while the images remain useful, by duplication or copying to a safety film stock. The nitrate-base film shall then be destroyed. The deterioration cannot be reversed or arrested. Rolls of nitrate-base film that have not yet deteriorated shall be pla
31、ced in individual metal cans (aluminium or stainless steel) with fitted but unsealed closures until they can be duplicated to safety film. Storage rooms and chambers should contain only nitrate-base film. Good practice requires that the amount of film placed in an individual room be limited, for exa
32、mple, to a maximum of 50 000 m each. Storage rooms should be equipped with appropriate ventilating systems, fire sensors, water sprinklers, etc. so that any possible conflagration can be confined to that room. These rooms should be constructed and ventilated so that toxic and flammable fumes and gas
33、es cannot reach other rooms. Recommended climatic conditions for storage are given in Table 1. Table 1 NOTEA lower relative humidity can delay deterioration of nitrate-base films and their emulsion images, including reducing the alteration rates of dyes in colour films. Lower relative humidity will
34、also reversibly change the physical properties, making the film more brittle and subject to accidental damage. This effect can be reversed by providing a suitable period of acclimatization to relative humidities of 40 % to 50 % prior to unspooling. In any event, a suitable period of accommodation to
35、 room temperature should always be provided for all film stored at reduced temperature before handling the film. 9 Inspection (see annex B) Regular inspections shall be made in order to recognize any deterioration as soon as possible. If nitrate-base film is stored under the conditions given in clau
36、se 8, the film should be inspected at least once per year, and preferably every three months. The preferred method of inspection is accomplished by winding through the film so that the complete length is subjected to visual examination. At the same time, when first opening the container the inspecto
37、r should be alert for typical odours of deterioration, which approximate a mixture of fetid pungency with faint fumes of nitric acid. The very first indication of deterioration is an alteration of the image. Monochrome silver images develop spots (which can be extensive) of reduced density that also
38、 acquire an iridescent sheen. Thereafter, with further deterioration, the typical odour develops, followed by physical changes including inter-layer adhesion plus weakening of the emulsion and base. Alternatively, an analysis of the relative degree of the nitrate-base deterioration can be performed.
39、 This analysis will only yield a qualitative measure of the film condition. The test should only be used to indicate the onset of irreversible deterioration of the nitrate base. See annex C for the test method using alizarin red or Congo red and the evaluation of results. 10 Destruction Destruction
40、shall be in accordance with any relevant laws and regulations. Storage Maximum temperature Relative Humidity C (F) % Short term a 25 (77) 25 to 50 Long term 2 (36) 20 to 30 a For example, examination, cleaning or duplication.BSISO10356:1996 BSI 11-1998 3 Annex A (informative) Chemical stability of c
41、ellulose nitrate The chemical stability of cellulose nitrate used for the manufacture of nitrate-base film is rather low. These films deteriorate slowly and continuously, even in a normal room climate. During deterioration, nitrogen oxide, nitrogen dioxide and other gases are liberated. In the prese
42、nce of humidity, nitrogen dioxide forms nitric and nitrous acid which are strong oxidizing agents. If nitrogen dioxide cannot escape from the can, it reacts with cellulose nitrate and accelerates deterioration. This autocatalytic reaction causes problems because the degree of deterioration under all
43、 possible conditions is not proportional to the age of the film and often cannot be detected in a timely manner. Nitrate-base film which has been in good condition for years can deteriorate within a few months. Annex B (informative) Further information on storage and inspection The following five ca
44、tegories of decomposing nitrate-base film are described in reference 3 in annex D. a) Amber discolouration (single spots or large parts of the emulsion) with fading of the picture image. b) The emulsion becomes adhesive and film convolutions tend to stick together during unrolling. c) Annular portio
45、ns of the film rolls become soft, contain gas bubbles and emit a noxious odour. d) The entire film roll is soft, its convolutions are welded into a single mass and frequently its surface is covered with a viscous froth. A strong noxious odour is given off. e) The film mass degenerates partially or e
46、ntirely into a brownish acid powder. Deteriorated film in categories a) and b) is photographically reproducible. In category c) only small portions may be reprintable. Films in categories d) and e) are useless and should be destroyed without further consideration. It should be noted that the maximum
47、 flammability-hazard occurs for categories b) and c). By the time the film reaches category e) it has lost virtually all of its nitrate groups, and its flammability has then been reduced to approximately that of the cellulose itself, i.e. comparable to the flammability of paper. The different deteri
48、oration speeds of nitrate-base film cannot be explained completely, although many factors are known which influence the stability. These are inner stability and degree of purity of the cellulose nitrate; keeping temperature the deterioration speed doubles per5C (9F) temperature increase; humidity co
49、ntent of the film; content of nitrogen oxides in the film; acid gases from the air. Although fading of the image and the occurrence of spots can be caused by residual processing chemicals, there are no indications that these residues accelerate the deterioration of cellulose nitrate. A single piece of nitrate-base film burns with a bright yellow flame if sufficient air is available. The gaseous reaction products are colourless and not toxic. They consist mainly of nitrogen, carbon dioxide and water vapour. If there is not enough air availa
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