BS ISO 10880-2017 Non-destructive testing Infrared thermographic testing General principles《无损试验 红外热成像检测 通用原则》.pdf

1、BS ISO 10880:2017Non-destructive testing Infrared thermographic testing General principlesBSI Standards PublicationWB11885_BSI_StandardCovs_2013_AW.indd 1 15/05/2013 15:06BS ISO 10880:2017 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of ISO 10880:2017. The UK parti

2、cipation in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee WEE/46, Non-destructive testing.A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are respons

3、ible for its correct application. The British Standards Institution 2017.Published by BSI Standards Limited 2017ISBN 978 0 580 82615 3 ICS 19.100 Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations.This British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards

4、Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 January 2017.Amendments/corrigenda issued since publicationDate T e x t a f f e c t e dBS ISO 10880:2017 ISO 2017Non-destructive testing Infrared thermographic testing General principlesEssais non destructifs Essais thermographiques infrarouge Principes gnrauxINTE

5、RNATIONAL STANDARDISO10880First edition2017-02Reference numberISO 10880:2017(E)BS ISO 10880:2017ISO 10880:2017(E)ii ISO 2017 All rights reservedCOPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2017, Published in SwitzerlandAll rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduce

6、d or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester.ISO

7、 copyright officeCh. de Blandonnet 8 CP 401CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, SwitzerlandTel. +41 22 749 01 11Fax +41 22 749 09 47copyrightiso.orgwww.iso.orgBS ISO 10880:2017ISO 10880:2017(E)Foreword ivIntroduction v1 Scope . 12 Normative references 13 Terms and definitions . 14 Infrared thermographic testing

8、 personnel . 15 Infrared thermographic testing equipment . 15.1 Infrared camera 15.2 Equipment used for active thermography. 26 Test environment . 26.1 Installation environment for the test equipment 26.2 Avoidance of disturbance. 27 Test method . 27.1 Emissivity of test object 27.2 Passive thermogr

9、aphy and active thermography . 37.3 Imaging method . 37.3.1 General 37.3.2 Non-uniformity and infrared intensity value correction 37.3.3 Field of view and spatial resolution 37.3.4 Angle . 37.3.5 Temperature range and temperature resolution . 47.3.6 Display of thermal images . 47.3.7 Frame time and

10、exposure time 47.3.8 Testing by using the infrared-reflecting mirror 47.3.9 Adjustment of focus . 47.3.10 Confirmation of settings 47.4 Signal processing and image processing 48 Implementation and reporting of tests . 58.1 Items described in the NDT procedures . 58.2 Items described in the NDT instr

11、uctions 58.3 Record of test conditions 58.4 Report . 6Bibliography 7 ISO 2017 All rights reserved iiiContents PageBS ISO 10880:2017ISO 10880:2017(E)ForewordISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of

12、 preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental

13、, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described in the ISO

14、/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).Attention is drawn to the possibi

15、lity that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on the ISO list of p

16、atent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not constitute an endorsement.For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as

17、information about ISOs adherence to the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: www .iso .org/ iso/ foreword .html.This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 135, Non-destructive testing, Subcommittee SC 8, Thermographic

18、 testing.iv ISO 2017 All rights reservedBS ISO 10880:2017ISO 10880:2017(E)IntroductionThe industrial applications of infrared thermographic testing in non-destructive testing (NDT) are growing, along with a remarkable improvement in thermographic technologies. The effectiveness of any application of

19、 infrared thermographic testing depends upon proper and correct usage of the method. The purpose of this document is to provide general principles for infrared thermographic testing in order to promote the correct and effective application of a variety of industrial NDT, such as in power plants, bui

20、ldings and structures, electronic instruments and industrial materials. ISO 2017 All rights reserved vBS ISO 10880:2017BS ISO 10880:2017Non-destructive testing Infrared thermographic testing General principles1 ScopeThis document provides general principles for infrared thermographic testing in the

21、field of industrial non-destructive testing (NDT).2 Normative referencesThe following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the lat

22、est edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.ISO 9712, Non-destructive testing Qualification and certification of NDT personnelISO 10878, Non-destructive testing Infrared thermography Vocabulary3 Terms and definitionsFor the purposes of this document the terms and defini

23、tions given in ISO 10878 apply.ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses: IEC Electropedia: available at h t t p :/ www .electropedia .org/ ISO Online browsing platform: available at h t t p :/ www .iso .org/ obp4 Infrared thermographic testi

24、ng personnelPersonnel who are responsible for conducting infrared thermographic testing (TT) shall meet the following criteria.a) TT personnel shall have an adequate knowledge of the basics of infrared measurement and heat-transfer engineering as required by ISO 9712.b) The TT personnels visual acui

25、ty and colour vision shall meet the requirements of ISO 9712.5 Infrared thermographic testing equipment5.1 Infrared cameraEach infrared camera has different properties and functions, such as the type of infrared detecting device, the spatial resolution (instantaneous field of view, effective pixels)

26、, temperature range, temperature resolution, temperature accuracy, frame time, exposure time, detection wavelength range, cooling method, scanning method, and the visible image display and recording function. It is necessary to ensure that an infrared camera with appropriate properties and functions

27、 with appropriate temperature calibration to meet the purpose of the testing is used.If necessary, various devices that can be attached to the infrared camera such as wavelength filters, attenuation filters, replacement lenses, monitors, computers and software for data collection and processing, and

28、 infrared-reflecting mirrors may be used.INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 10880:2017(E) ISO 2017 All rights reserved 1BS ISO 10880:2017ISO 10880:2017(E)5.2 Equipment used for active thermographySelect the appropriate heating or cooling system, taking into account the properties and functions of the infrar

29、ed camera, the test environment, and the status of the test object (dimensions, shape, emissivity, material, temperature before thermal loading, and so on.)NOTE For the heating system, a heating lamp, a flash lamp, an electric radiation heater, an induction coil, a contact-type heater, a hot-air dev

30、ice, a reflection board, a power-distribution device, or a vibrational apparatus can be used. For the cooling system, a sprinkler, an atomizer, or an air blower can be used.6 Test environment6.1 Installation environment for the test equipmentConduct the test in an environment where the temperature,

31、humidity, and atmosphere are appropriate for the test equipment, including the infrared camera.6.2 Avoidance of disturbanceIn order to avoid reflections from objects other than the test object or background (temperature of the ambient environment), increasing the objects emissivity may be necessary.

32、 This can be achieved with paint or any other type of adequate surface preparation and/or treatment as described in 7.1. Moreover, during the installation of the infrared camera, several positions may be tested in order to determine which one minimizes the effect of reflections.If the temperature of

33、 the test object is low, note that the proportion of the reflected apparent temperature to the total infrared radiation energy arriving at the infrared camera can be high.Take care of absorption, scattering, and reflection of infrared radiation energy by any substances that are present between the i

34、nfrared camera and the test object (for example, water vapour, carbon dioxide, or window materials).7 Test method7.1 Emissivity of test objectFor temperature measurements, the emissivity of the test object shall be taken into account. Set the emissivity value within the radiometric software or withi

35、n the camera as correctly as possible in order to match the apparent temperature with the true temperature 3 4.NOTE 1 If the emissivity of the surface of the test object is not uniform, the infrared radiation energy will not be uniform, even if the temperature of the surface of the test object is un

36、iform. If the emissivity is low, the effects of reflections and/or transmission become proportionately larger.NOTE 2 The emissivity of test object may vary with the material, the temperature, the roughness of the surface, the thickness of any oxidized membrane on the surface, the presence of impurit

37、ies on the surface, the angle, and wavelength range of the infrared camera.NOTE 3 If the emissivity of the test object is low or not uniform, a coating of matte black material can be applied thinly and uniformly until the surface of the base material is covered. Alternatively, a thin membrane of a m

38、aterial with a high emissivity can be attached to the surface to ensure that the emissivity is as uniform as possible during the test.NOTE 4 Other methods can also be used, such as roughening the surface of plastics (for example, with sandpaper) or oxidizing the surface of metals and so on.In the ra

39、diometric software, the ambient temperature shall also be considered.2 ISO 2017 All rights reservedBS ISO 10880:2017ISO 10880:2017(E)7.2 Passive thermography and active thermographyPassive thermography is a thermographic technique for inspecting objects or installations by measuring their emitted th

40、ermal radiation, without using any additional energy source for thermal stimulation. It is not necessary to induce an additional temperature change within the objects or installations for the purpose of the test.EXAMPLE Passive thermography can be used, for instance, for inspecting electrical instal

41、lations and mechanical components, in process. It can also be used, for instance, when natural thermal loading by solar radiation exists, such as for buildings and structures17 9, or when the presence of an anomaly or a defect results in the generation or absorption of heat, such as a defect in tran

42、smission or distribution equipment.Detecting anomalies by passive thermography has some physical limitations, which are often overcome by active thermography.Active thermography is a thermographic examination of materials and objects which requires additional thermal stimulation.NOTE The thermal sti

43、mulation can be optical, sonic (ultrasonic), inductive, microwave, or using any other form of energy.In active thermography, if a test is meant to detect conductive anomalies, then a uniform thermal loading is preferred. The intensity of the thermal load shall be properly adjusted in relation to the

44、 performance of the infrared camera, the thermal properties of the test object, such as the thermal diffusivity, and the position, shape, dimensions, and depth of an anomaly or defect.Care shall be taken not to damage the object under test, as a result of excessive thermal loading.7.3 Imaging method

45、7.3.1 GeneralSteps shall be taken to ensure that the apparatus to be used for the test is operating correctly, i.e. in accordance with the technical specifications, and its settings are appropriate to the object under test.7.3.2 Non-uniformity and infrared intensity value correctionBefore imaging is

46、 performed, it is necessary to enable the non-uniformity correction function of the infrared camera to correct for variations in the sensitivity of individual infrared detection elements. If any equipment, such as a wavelength filter, replacement lens, or infrared-reflecting mirror, is attached to t

47、he optical system, it is necessary to apply an appropriate correction to the infrared intensity value.7.3.3 Field of view and spatial resolutionOne of the limitations in the detection of anomalies is the spatial resolution on the object. The distance between the camera and the object shall be adapte

48、d so that the spatial resolution is at least equal to the size of the anomalies. Changing the lens, for one offering a better resolution, might be necessary.7.3.4 AngleAn angle of 45 or less between a line normal to the surface to be tested and the optical axis of the infrared camera is preferred. I

49、f this is not possible, an angle of 60 maximum is acceptable.NOTE If the angle exceeds 60, or for tests on the rear face of the object, a method involving an infrared-reflecting mirror can be used as described in 7.3.8. ISO 2017 All rights reserved 3BS ISO 10880:2017ISO 10880:2017(E)7.3.5 Temperature range and temperature resolutionSet the optimum measurement range of the infrared camera according to the expected signal dynamics to obtain with the test object.NOTE 1 Sufficient signal-to-noise is needed for a proper