1、raising standards worldwideNO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWBSI Standards PublicationBS ISO 11227:2012Space systems Testprocedure to evaluatespacecraft material ejecta uponhypervelocity impactBS ISO 11227:2012 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standar
2、d is the UK implementation of ISO 11227:2012.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee ACE/68/-/8, Space systems and operations - Materials andprocesses.A list of organizations represented on this committee can beobtained on request to its secretary.This publication
3、 does not purport to include all the necessaryprovisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correctapplication. The British Standards Institution 2012. Published by BSI StandardsLimited 2012ISBN 978 0 580 73533 2ICS 49.140Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal
4、obligations.This British Standard was published under the authority of theStandards Policy and Strategy Committee on 30 September 2012.Amendments issued since publicationDate Text affectedBS ISO 11227:2012 ISO 2012Space systems Test procedure to evaluate spacecraft material ejecta upon hypervelocity
5、 impactSystmes spatiaux Mode opratoire dessai pour lvaluation des jectats de matriaux des vhicules spatiaux rsultant dimpacts hypervitesseINTERNATIONAL STANDARDISO11227First edition2012-09-15Reference numberISO 11227:2012(E)BS ISO 11227:2012ISO 11227:2012(E)ii ISO 2012 All rights reservedCOPYRIGHT P
6、ROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2012All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or ISOs
7、 member body in the country of the requester.ISO copyright officeCase postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11Fax + 41 22 749 09 47E-mail copyrightiso.orgWeb www.iso.orgPublished in SwitzerlandBS ISO 11227:2012ISO 11227:2012(E) ISO 2012 All rights reserved iiiContents PageForeword ivIntrod
8、uction v1 Scope 12 Normative references . 13 Terms, definitions, abbreviated terms and symbols 13.1 Terms and definitions . 13.2 Abbreviated terms . 33.3 Symbols . 34 General requirements . 35 Calibration . 45.1 General . 45.2 Impact parameters 45.3 General environment 45.4 Ejecta characterization 5
9、5.5 Report of calibration tests 56 Experimental procedure 56.1 General . 56.2 Impact parameters 56.3 General environment 66.4 Ejecta characterization and evaluation . 66.5 Additional tests 76.6 Analysis of test results 77 Reporting of test results 87.1 General . 87.2 Report of testing of materials 8
10、7.3 Database 98 Quality assurance . 98.1 General . 98.2 Quality requirements 9Annex A (informative) Characterization of material ejected upon impact (ejecta) 11Annex B (informative) Example of an ejecta model 13Annex C (informative) Ejecta measurement methods 16Annex D (informative) Example of a dat
11、a sheet .20Annex E (informative) Technical data 22Bibliography .23BS ISO 11227:2012ISO 11227:2012(E)ForewordISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally c
12、arried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the wor
13、k. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.The main task of technical committees is to prepare Interna
14、tional Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the e
15、lements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.ISO 11227 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 20, Aircraft and space vehicles, Subcommittee SC 14, Space systems and operations.iv ISO 2012 All rights
16、reservedBS ISO 11227:2012ISO 11227:2012(E)IntroductionThroughout its orbit lifetime, any spacecraft is exposed to the risk of collision with man-made space debris and natural micrometeoroids. Concentration of natural particles is nearly stable, but the amount of man-made debris is likely to increase
17、 over time. Details concerning this space environment can be found in the documents cited in the bibliography (see References 1 and 2).Damage caused by meteoroids or debris can result in total or partial mission failure and in a potential generation of small debris. Because of the large collision ve
18、locities (hypervelocity domain), even a small object produces upon impact a large amount of small particles, which are called ejecta. Ejecta can damage parts of the spacecraft itself and increase the population of space debris. The orbital lifetime of the ejecta depends on several factors such as si
19、ze, initial velocity, and orbit altitude of the parent body. This population of space debris is already evaluated at a few percent of the total space debris population and it is likely to increase in the future345. It is therefore necessary, for the mitigation of such particles, to assess the mechan
20、ism of their production.As shown by previous experimental studies678, the amount of ejecta depends primarily on the type of material exposed directly to the space environment. It is greater for brittle materials than for ductile materials; it depends also on the size and on the velocity of impacting
21、 particles. Consequently, the best approach for assessing the process is to perform laboratory impact simulation using hypervelocity launchers.The purpose of this International Standard is to describe a standard approach for assessing the behaviour, under orbital debris or meteoroid hypervelocity im
22、pacts, of the materials that are used on the external surfaces of spacecraft9.Results obtained from the standard tests carried out on as wide a range of materials as possible will be stored in a database created for this purpose, or incorporated into an existing one such as ECSS-Q70-71A (see Annex D
23、 and Reference 10). This database will help designers choose spacecraft outer materials that mitigate the risk of space debris. ISO 2012 All rights reserved vBS ISO 11227:2012BS ISO 11227:2012Space systems Test procedure to evaluate spacecraft material ejecta upon hypervelocity impact1 ScopeThis Int
24、ernational Standard describes an experimental procedure for assessing the behaviour, under orbital debris or meteoroid impacts, of materials that are intended to be used on the external surfaces of spacecraft and launch vehicle orbital stages. This International Standard provides a unified method by
25、 which to rank materials. The ejecta production characteristics of different materials are compared under standardized conditions in which test parameters are fixed to one number. Optional tests with different parameters are also useful for the proper selection of materials in other conditions, and
26、they could be performed as research items.This International Standard establishes the requirements to be satisfied for the test methods in order to characterize the amount of ejecta produced when a surface material is impacted by a hypervelocity projectile. Its purpose is to evaluate the ratio of ej
27、ecta total mass to projectile mass, and the size distribution of the fragments. These are the necessary inputs for modelling the amount of impact ejecta that a surface material might release during its orbital lifetime, thereby helping to assess its suitability for space use while mitigating the pro
28、duction of small space debris.The purpose of this International Standard is to provide data that need to be taken into account in the selection of outer spacecraft materials, though the selection is not based on these criteria alone.The experimental procedure defines the type of facility to be used,
29、 the size, velocity and type of projectile to be used, the evaluation of impact ejecta released, the reporting of test results, and the quality requirements to be used.It is anticipated that this International Standard will be the first of several test procedure standards aimed at characterizing the
30、 release of small debris from the external surfaces of spacecraft and launch vehicle orbital stages as the result of interaction with the space environment. It is applicable to spacecraft and launch vehicles operating in all types of Earth orbits.2 Normative referencesThe following referenced docume
31、nts are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.ISO 24113, Space systems Space debris mitigation requirements3 Terms, definitions
32、, abbreviated terms and symbols3.1 Terms and definitionsFor the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 24113 and the following apply.INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 11227:2012(E) ISO 2012 All rights reserved 1BS ISO 11227:2012ISO 11227:2012(E)3.1.1brittle materialmaterial that
33、breaks due to a propagation defect under the action of a stress3.1.2ductile materialmaterial that can be plastically deformed without breaking under the action of a stress3.1.3ejecta coneshaped spray of fine particles, comprising fragments and spalls that are released during a high-velocity impact.3
34、.1.4fragmentationprocess by which an orbiting space object dissociates and produces debris, such as break-up, exposure to space environment, and ageing3.1.5hypervelocity impactimpact occurring with a velocity greater than the velocity of sound in any given material3.1.6impact craterdamage left on a
35、material, generally hemispherical in shape, after a projectile has hit its surface without going throughout the material3.1.7light gas gunLGGexperimental device consisting of a powder gun that compresses a low-density gas to accelerate a projectile up to hypervelocities3.1.8meteoroidparticles of nat
36、ural origin, resulting from the disintegration and fragmentation of comets and asteroids, which orbit the sun3.1.9perforationhole created by an impact on a thin material in which there is no formation of a crater3.1.10plasma gunexperimental device that produces an accelerated plasma flow, which is c
37、ompressed in a coil and then drags a projectile up to hypervelocities3.1.11silica aerogellow-density solid material, made with a porous, silica-based structure, used for the retrieval of ejecta fragments in impact experiments3.1.12spallpiece of material broken and ejected upon high-velocity impact,
38、usually by stress waves, mainly on brittle material NOTE If the resulting tensile stress caused by the reflection of the compression wave on the surface (front or back) exceeds the tensile strength of the material, a thin sheet of material separates from the target and is ejected.3.1.13specimentarge
39、trepresentative sample of a spacecraft material that is used in impact experiments2 ISO 2012 All rights reservedBS ISO 11227:2012ISO 11227:2012(E)3.1.14stressforce exerted on a body that tends to strain or to deform its shape.3.1.15tensile strengthpower to resist tensile stress NOTE The tensile stre
40、ngth of brittle materials is about two orders of magnitude less than the tensile strength of metals.3.1.16tensile stressstress on a material produced by pulling forces along an axis, which tends to extend or break the material3.1.17witness plateflat sheet of ductile material used in impact experimen
41、ts to capture ejecta and characterize the resulting damage3.2 Abbreviated termsCFRP carbon-fibre-reinforced polymerHVI hypervelocity impactLGG light gas gunMLI multilayer insulationPVDF polyvinidylene fluoride3.3 SymbolsMetotal ejecta massK material-type-dependent coefficient (ductile or brittle) ra
42、tio of the mass ejected from the cone to the total ejected mass from the impact cratert thickness of test sampled diameter of projectile4 General requirements4.1 If this International Standard is applied during the design of a spacecraft or launch vehicle orbital stage, then the test procedure and r
43、esults shall be approved by approving agents and documented in accordance with the space debris mitigation plan specified by ISO 24113.4.2 Tests shall be performed at a hypervelocity impact facility that can fully satisfy the experimental procedure.4.3 Before performing the experimental procedure, a
44、 calibration of the hypervelocity impact facility shall be carried out to provide a reference data point for the subsequent tests at the facility.4.4 The calibration tests will be used to confirm the facility independencies of the test procedure. ISO 2012 All rights reserved 3BS ISO 11227:2012ISO 11
45、227:2012(E)5 Calibration5.1 GeneralSubclauses 5.2 to 5.5 describe each step of a procedure for calibrating a hypervelocity impact test facility prior to it performing the experimental procedure described in Clause 6. The use of light gas guns or plasma guns to perform the tests is acceptable.5.2 Imp
46、act parameters5.2.1 Perform a test shot using the following projectile parameters:a) material: aluminium alloy Al 2017 or Al 2024; the choice is based on ISO 209-1:198911or JIS H 4040:200612;b) size and shape: 1 mm 0,1 mm diameter sphere;c) impact velocity: 5 000 m/s 100 m/s is recommended;d) impact
47、 angle of incidence relative to target normal: 0.5.2.2 Use a target with the following characteristics:a) size: 50 mm ( 1,5 mm) 50 mm ( 1,5 mm);b) material: synthetic fused silica glass (see Annex E for details);c) thickness: 20 mm ( 1,5 mm);d) attachment: fixed at the edges to a mounting plate.NOTE
48、 The target material is fragile and it is recommended the target be placed in a small box with a window (hole) to prevent mass measurement error of the target after the impact test.5.2.3 Use a witness plate with the following characteristics to collect ejecta particles released from the front side o
49、f the target during impact:a) size: 250 mm 150 mm, with a circular hole (diameter not greater than 30 mm) cut in the centre in order to allow the projectile to go through;b) material: copper; the choice is based on ISO 197-1:198313or JIS H 3100:200614(purity: 99,90);c) chemical polishing is recommended15;d) thickness: 2 mm;e) distance and position (angle) to the target: 100 mm in front of the target, parallel to the target;f) attachment: by threaded rods and bolts, fixed on the target holding
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