BS ISO 11760-2005 Classification of coals《煤的分类》.pdf

1、BRITISH STANDARD BS ISO 11760:2005 Classification of coals ICS 73.040 BS ISO 11760:2005 This British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 11 March 2005 BSI 11 March 2005 ISBN 0 580 45340 5 National foreword This British Standard reproduces verb

2、atim ISO 11760:2005 and implements it as the UK national standard. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee PTI/16, Solid mineral fuels, which has the responsibility to: A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secret

3、ary. Cross-references The British Standards which implement international publications referred to in this document may be found in the BSI Catalogue under the section entitled “International Standards Correspondence Index”, or by using the “Search” facility of the BSI Electronic Catalogue or of Bri

4、tish Standards Online. This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. aid enquirers to understand the text; prese

5、nt to the responsible international/European committee any enquiries on the interpretation, or proposals for change, and keep the UK interests informed; monitor related international and European developments and promulgate them in the UK. Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an i

6、nside front cover, the ISO title page, pages ii to v, a blank page, pages 1 to 9 and a back cover. The BSI copyright notice displayed in this document indicates when the document was last issued. Amendments issued since publication Amd. No. Date Comments Reference number ISO 11760:2005(E)INTERNATION

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10、y ttah lborp aem lertait gno it is f,dnuo plsaee ifnrom ttneC ehlar Secterirata ta teh serddaig sleb nevwo. ii BSISO11760:2005 iiiContents Page Foreword iv Introduction v 1 Scope 1 2 Normative references . 1 3 Terms and definitions. 1 4 Classification. 3 5 Nature of the coal sample 6 6 Descriptive c

11、lassification terminology . 6 7 Analytical tolerances 7 8 Graphic representation. 8 Bibliography . 9 BSISO11760:2005iv Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Sta

12、ndards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also

13、take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees

14、 is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibi

15、lity that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 11760 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 27, Solid mineral fuels. BSISO11760:2005 vIntroduction Coals occur worldwide and

16、vary significantly in their physical and chemical characteristics for a variety of reasons, both with respect to the organic coal substance and to the associated mineral matter that is always present to varying extents. Coals are an important source of energy, as well as being essential for the prod

17、uction of metallurgical cokes, and are widely used as feedstock for other industrial processes such as in the production of gaseous fuels and synthesis gas. Hence, a wide range of procedures has been developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) for the analysis and testing o

18、f coals. These ISO procedures are variously designated as being applicable to “hard coals”, “brown coals” and “lignite”, “bituminous coals” and “anthracite”. There are, however, no ISO definitions that specify the boundaries that apply to these descriptive terms, which all relate to the geological m

19、aturity (rank) of the coals. Further, there is no simple system for the classification of coals that can provide, on a comparative basis, an indication of coal characteristics on a worldwide basis. This ISO standard provides a basis for addressing both these issues. The classification is not intende

20、d to be used for commercial purposes because the assessment and selection of coals for a specific purpose require detailed information that enables the likely performance of a coal in a particular application to be anticipated. The wide-ranging list of ISO analyses and tests provides that informatio

21、n. The development of this ISO standard has been guided by the recently published “International Classification of in-Seam Coals” 14 . The ISO standard, however, represents a simplified version that incorporates some significant modifications made for reasons given in the classification details that

22、 follow. BSISO11760:2005blank 1Classification of coals 1 Scope This International Standard describes a simple classification system for coals providing guidance on the selection of the appropriate ISO standard procedures for the analyses and testing of coals, international comparison of coals in ter

23、ms of some key characteristics, descriptive categorization of coals. The system is applicable to coals of all ranks, but care is required in relation to the classification of some types of coal. The system may be applied to a wide range of representative coal samples, provided their exact nature is

24、stated. Such samples include bore-core seam sections and composite samples, raw (as-mined) coal, washed coal, blends of coals of similar rank and selected, specified size fractions. The system provides a broad framework within which coals can be assessed. The selection of coals for a specific use re

25、quires detailed information that enables the likely performance of a coal in a particular application to be anticipated. The wide-ranging list of ISO analyses and test procedures for coals serve this purpose. The selection of the appropriate procedures to be used in assessing a coal depends on the i

26、ntended use. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO 1213-2, S

27、olid mineral fuels Vocabulary Part 2: Terms relating to sampling, testing and analysis ISO 7404-1, Methods for the petrographic analysis of bituminous coal and anthracite Part 1: Vocabulary ISO 7404-5, Methods for the petrographic analysis of bituminous coal and anthracite Part 5: Method of determin

28、ing microscopically the reflectance of vitrinite 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 1213-2, ISO 7404-1 and the following apply. 3.1 coal carbonaceous sedimentary rock largely derived from plant remains with an associated mineral content

29、corresponding to an ash yield less than, or equal to, 50 % by mass (dry basis) BSISO11760:20052 NOTE In the geological coalification sequence, the transformation from peat to coal is defined as occurring when the total in-situ moisture content has decreased to 75 % by mass. The upper limit for undis

30、turbed coal seams in the normal coalification process leading to semi-graphite is defined as corresponding to a mean random vitrinite reflectance, r R , of 6,0 % or, preferably, a mean maximum vitrinite reflectance, v, max R , of 8 %, determined in accordance with ISO 7404-5. The upper limit, v, max

31、 R , for disturbed, contact altered, coals can exceed 10 %; see Table 1, Note 2. 3.2 vitrinite group of macerals with a grey colour (as observed with reflected light under a microscope) and with a reflectance generally between that of the associated darker liptinite and lighter inertinite over the r

32、ank range in which the three respective maceral groups can be readily recognized NOTE 1 In the upper range of medium rank, vitrinite reflectance can be less than that of liptinite (where liptinite is recognizable) whilst at very high rank ( r R 4,0 %), the maximum reflectance of both liptinite and v

33、itrinite may exceed that of inertinite. NOTE 2 In medium and high rank coals, vitrinite reflectance measurements should preferably be taken on telovitrinite or, in its absence, on the whole of the vitrinite population. Within low-rank coals, vitrinite reflectance measurements must be measured on the

34、 submaceral ulminite B, or preferably on Eu-ulminite, if present. Eu-ulminite consists of gelified plant tissues with the cell structures weakly visible in reflected white light. Ulminite B is the more highly reflecting part of ulminite; see 9. 3.3 inertinite maceral group that is composed of partic

35、les having a reflectance in low and medium-rank coals that is higher than that of the macerals of the vitrinite and liptinite groups, but is lower than that of the corresponding vitrinite in very high-rank coals NOTE The reflectance of inertinite macerals begins to be exceeded by that of the maceral

36、s of the vitrinite group when the vitrinite and inertinite reflectance, r R , has reached about 4 %; see 8. 3.4 liptinite maceral group that includes sporinite, cutinite, suberinite, resinite, liptodetrinite and alginite NOTE At low ranks, the reflectance of liptinite macerals is lower than that of

37、vitrinite but converges with that of vitrinite at medium rank B to A. Liptinite macerals show stronger primary autofluorescence relative to that of macerals from the other maceral groups up to medium rank B. 3.5 lignite brown coal coal having a mean random vitrinite reflectance, r R , less than 0,4

38、% NOTE The terms “brown coal” and “lignite” are frequently used as alternatives but the latter is the term now preferred by the International Commission for Coal and Organic Petrology; see 10. 3.6 sub-bituminous coal coal having a mean random vitrinite reflectance, r R , equal to or greater than 0,4

39、 % but less than 0,5 % 3.7 bituminous coal coal, synonymous with medium-rank coal, having a mean random vitrinite reflectance, r R , equal to or greater than 0,5 %, but less than 2,0 % 3.8 anthracite coal, synonymous with high-rank coal, having a mean random vitrinite reflectance, r R , equal to or

40、greater than 2,0 % but less than 6,0 %, or, preferably, a mean maximum reflectance, v,max R , less than 8,0 % for geologically unaltered coal BSISO11760:2005 33.9 hard coal coal, comprising the medium-rank (bituminous) and high-rank (anthracite) coals, having a mean random vitrinite reflectance, r R

41、 , equal to or greater than 0,5 % and less than 6 % or, preferably, a mean maximum vitrinite reflectance, v,max R , less than 8,0 % 3.10 bed-moisture natural moisture content of the coal in situ in the seam NOTE It is necessary to take care to ensure that samples for this determination are free of o

42、pen fissures, voids or other features that might entrain free water, and that there is no loss of moisture during sampling and sample preparation. 4 Classification 4.1 General The physical and chemical properties of a coal are virtually all determined by its geological maturity (rank), petrographic

43、composition and the amount (as well as the nature and mode of association) of the mineral matter present. Thus, for simplicity, this classification for coals is based on the following coal properties: vitrinite reflectance, expressed in percent: mean random reflectance, r R ,to designate rank, where

44、 r R is determined directly or calculated from v,max R ; see ISO 7404-5; vitrinite content, expressed as percent by volume on a mineral-free basis: designation of the petrographic composition; see ISO 7404-3; see footnote to Table 5; ash yield, expressed as a percent on a basis: designation of the a

45、mount of inorganic material present; see ISO 1171. NOTE For medium-rank coals, v, max R = 1,07 r R 6 . 4.2 Rank Primary categories Three broad rank categories, low rank, medium rank and high rank, are defined in Table 1. Table 1 Definition of broad rank categories: low, medium and high rank Rank Def

46、inition Low rank a(lignite and sub-bituminous coals) bed moisture u 75 % and r R 0,5 %; see AS 2434-1 5Medium rank a(bituminous coals) 0,5 % u r R 2,0 % High rank b(anthracites) 2,0 % u r R 6,0 % (or v, max R 8,0 %) caThe boundary between low-rank and medium-rank coals is set at r R = 0,5 % since co

47、als with r R between 0,5 % and 0,6 % (the latter being the threshold value set for medium-rank coals in 14) are texturally similar to coals with r R greater than 0,6 %. The degree of gelification is high and shrinkage cracks are not observed when fresh coal is exposed to the atmosphere. bv, max R =

48、8,0 % is just beyond the rank where v, min R (2,5 %) is falling rapidly from its maximum of v, min R = 3,5 % at v, max R = 6 % and marks the transition to increasing graphitization; see 16, 15. (Contact-altered coals with v, max R as high as 10,5 % are classified as anthracite in China.) cv, max R i

49、s preferred at this rank since r R is difficult to measure reliably. BSISO11760:20054 4.3 Rank Sub-categories To provide a greater classification resolution, the three primary rank categories are subdivided into sub- categories, as defined in Tables 2, 3 and 4. Table 2 Subcategories of low-rank coals a,bSub-category Description Low-rank C (lignite C) r R 35 % and 75 %, ash-free basis Low-rank B (lignite B) r R 0,4 % and bed moisture u 35 %, ash-free ba