BS ISO 13164-1-2013 Water quality Radon-222 General principles《水质 氡-222 通用原则》.pdf

1、BSI Standards PublicationBS ISO 13164-1:2013 Incorporating corrigendum January 2014BS ISO 13164-1:2013Water quality Radon-222Part 1: General principlesBS ISO 13164-1:2013 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of ISO 13164-1:2013.The UK participation in its p

2、reparation was entrusted by Technical Committee EH/3, Water quality, to Subcommittee EH/3/8, Radioactivity measurements.A list of organizations represented on this subcommittee can be obtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a

3、contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. The British Standards Institution 2014. Published by BSI Standards Limited 2014ISBN 978 0 580 85225 1ICS 13.060.60; 13.280; 17.240Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations.This British Standard was pu

4、blished under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 30 September 2013.Amendments/corrigenda issued since publicationDate Text affected31 January 2014 Implementation of ISO corrected text 15 November 2013: Table 2 and clauses B.2 and B.3 corrected ISO 2013Water quality Radon

5、-222 Part 1: General principlesQualit de leau Radon 222 Partie 1: Principes gnrauxINTERNATIONAL STANDARDISO13164-1First edition2013-09-01Reference numberISO 13164-1:2013(E)Corrected version2013-11-15ISO 13164-1:2013(E)ii ISO 2013 All rights reservedCOPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2013All rights res

6、erved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either I

7、SO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester.ISO copyright officeCase postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11Fax + 41 22 749 09 47E-mail copyrightiso.orgWeb www.iso.orgPublished in SwitzerlandBS ISO 13164-1:2013ISO 13164-1:2013(E) ISO 2013 All rights reserve

8、d iiiContents PageForeword ivIntroduction v1 Scope . 12 Normative references 13 Terms, definitions, and symbols 23.1 Terms and definitions . 23.2 Symbols . 44 Principle of the measurement method . 55 Sampling 66 Transportation and storage 67 Test sample preparation 87.1 Degassing techniques 87.2 Per

9、meation technique . 97.3 Liquid extraction technique . 98 Detection techniques . 98.1 Gamma-spectrometry . 98.2 Silver-activated zinc sulfide ZnS(Ag) scintillation 98.3 Air ionization 98.4 Semiconductor (alpha-detection) 108.5 Liquid scintillation 109 Measurement methods .109.1 General 109.2 Gamma-s

10、pectrometry method . 109.3 Emanometric method 109.4 Liquid scintillation counting methods (LSC) .129.5 Permeation method . 1210 Calibration .1211 Quality assurance and quality control programme 1211.1 General 1211.2 Influence quantities . 1211.3 Instrument verification. 1311.4 Method verification 13

11、11.5 Demonstration of analyst capability . 1312 Expression of results .1313 Test report 13Annex A (informative) Radon and its decay products in water .15Annex B (informative) Examples of data record forms 19Bibliography .23BS ISO 13164-1:2013ISO 13164-1:2013(E)ForewordISO (the International Organiza

12、tion for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established

13、has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.The

14、 procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the ed

15、itorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2, www.iso.org/directives.Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any patent rights

16、identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations received, www.iso.org/patents.Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not constitute an endorsement.The committee respon

17、sible for this document is ISO/TC 147, Water quality, Subcommittee SC 3, Radioactivity measurements.ISO 13164 consists of the following parts, under the general title Water quality Radon-222: Part 1: General principles Part 2: Test method using gamma-ray spectrometry Part 3: Test method using emanom

18、etryThe following part is under preparation: Part 4: Test method using two-phase liquid scintillation countingThis corrected version of ISO 13164-1:2013 incorporates the following corrections: Table 2: The check marks which printed out incorrectly in the last two columns have been changed to Xs. The

19、 Xs from the cells “Gamma spectrometry On-site” and “Liquid scintillation On-site” have been removed. Annex B: The examples of data record forms for B.2 and B.3 were inversed. They are now in the right places.iv ISO 2013 All rights reservedBS ISO 13164-1:2013ISO 13164-1:2013(E)IntroductionRadioactiv

20、ity from several naturally occurring and human-made sources is present throughout the environment. Thus, water bodies (surface waters, groundwaters, sea waters) can contain radionuclides of natural and human-made origin. Natural radionuclides, including potassium-40, and those of the thorium and ura

21、nium decay series, in particular radium-226, radium-228, uranium-234, uranium-238, lead-210, can be found in water for natural reasons (e.g. desorption from the soil and wash-off by rain water) or releases from technological processes involving naturally occurring radioactive materials (e.g. the min

22、ing and processing of mineral sands or phosphate fertilizer production and use). Human-made radionuclides such as transuranium elements (americium, plutonium, neptunium, curium), tritium, carbon-14, strontium-90 and gamma-emitting radionuclides can also be found in natural waters as they can be auth

23、orized to be routinely released into the environment in small quantities in the effluent discharged from nuclear fuel cycle facilities and following their used in unsealed form in medicine or industry. They are also found in water due to the past fallout of the explosion in the atmosphere of nuclear

24、 devices and the accidents at Chernobyl and Fukushima.Drinking-water can thus contain radionuclides at activity concentration which could present a risk to human health. In order to assess the quality of drinking-water (including mineral waters and spring waters) with respect to its radionuclide con

25、tent and to provide guidance on reducing health risks by taking measures to decrease radionuclide activity concentrations, water resources (groundwater, river, lake, sea, etc.) and drinking water are monitor for their radioactivity content as recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO).Standa

26、rd test methods for radon-222 activity concentrations in water samples are needed by test laboratories carrying out such measurements in fulfillment of national authority requirements. Laboratories may have to obtain a specific accreditation for radionuclide measurement in drinking water samples.The

27、 radon activity concentration in surface water is very low, usually below 1 Bq l1. In groundwater, the activity concentration varies from 1 Bq l1up to 50 Bq l1in sedimentary rock aquifers, from 10 Bq l1up to 300 Bq l1in wells, and from 100 Bq l1up to 1 000 Bq l1in crystalline rocks. The highest acti

28、vity concentrations are normally measured in rocks with high concentration of uranium (Reference 30).High variations in the activity concentrations of radon in aquifers have been observed. Even in a region with relatively uniform rock types, some well water may exhibit radon activity concentration g

29、reatly higher than the average value for the same region. Significant seasonal variations have also been recorded (see Annex A).Water may dissolve chemical substances as it passes from the soil surface to an aquifer or spring waters. The water may pass through or remain for some time in rock, some f

30、ormations of which may contain a high concentration of natural radionuclides. Under favourable geochemical conditions, the water may selectively dissolve some of these natural radionuclides.Guidance on radon in drinking-water supplies provided by WHO in 2008 suggests that controls should be implemen

31、ted if the radon concentration of drinking-water for public water supplies exceeds 100 Bq l1. It also recommended that any new, especially public, drinking-water supply using groundwater should be tested prior to being used for general consumption and that if the radon concentration exceeds 100 Bq l

32、1, treatment of the water source should be undertaken to reduce the radon levels to well below that level (Reference 41).This International Standard is one of a series dealing with the measurement of the activity concentration of radionuclides in water samples. ISO 2013 All rights reserved vBS ISO 1

33、3164-1:2013BS ISO 13164-1:2013Water quality Radon-222 Part 1: General principlesWARNING Persons using this document should be familiar with normal laboratory practice. This document does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of t

34、he user to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to ensure compliance with any national regulatory conditions.IMPORTANT It is absolutely essential that tests conducted in accordance with this document be carried out by suitably qualified staff.1 ScopeThis part of ISO 13164 gives gene

35、ral guidelines for sampling, packaging, and transporting of all kinds of water samples, for the measurement of the activity concentration of radon-222.The test methods fall into two categories:a) direct measurement of the water sample without any transfer of phase (see ISO 13164-2);b) indirect measu

36、rement involving the transfer of the radon-222 from the aqueous phase to another phase (see ISO 13164-3).The test methods can be applied either in the laboratory or on site.The laboratory is responsible for ensuring the suitability of the test method for the water samples tested.2 Normative referenc

37、esThe following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.ISO 56

38、67-1, Water quality Sampling Part 1: Guidance on the design of sampling programmes and sampling techniquesISO 5667-3, Water quality Sampling Part 3: Preservation and handling of water samplesISO 10703, Water quality Determination of the activity concentration of radionuclides Method by high resoluti

39、on gamma-ray spectrometryISO 13164-2, Water quality Radon-222 Part 2: Test method using gamma-ray spectrometryISO 13164-3, Water quality Radon-222 Part 3: Test method using emanometryISO/IEC 17025, General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratoriesISO 80000-10, Quantitie

40、s and units Part 10: Atomic and nuclear physicsINTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 13164-1:2013(E) ISO 2013 All rights reserved 1BS ISO 13164-1:2013ISO 13164-1:2013(E)3 Terms, definitions, and symbols3.1 Terms and definitionsFor the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 80000-10 a

41、nd the following apply.3.1.1activitynumber of spontaneous nuclear disintegrations occurring in a given quantity of material during a suitably small interval of time divided by that interval of timeSOURCE: ISO 921:1997,1233.1.2activity concentration in wateractivity per volume of waterNote 1 to entry

42、: The activity concentration in water is expressed in becquerels per litre.3.1.3activity concentration in airactivity per volume of air following the degassing phaseNote 1 to entry: The activity concentration in air is expressed in becquerels per cubic metre.3.1.4test samplepart of the total sample

43、subjected to analysis3.1.5Bunsen coefficientvolume of a gas dissolved at standard temperature (273,15 K) and standard partial pressure (0,1 MPa) divided by the volume of the solvent at a temperature, T, and standard pressure (0,1 MPa)Note 1 to entry: Adapted from Reference 10, p. 239.Note 2 to entry

44、: Modern practice recommends that gas solubility be expressed as molality, mole fraction or mole ratio (see Reference 10). However, in many studies dealing with radon measurement in water, the Bunsen coefficient appears frequently.Note 3 to entry: The solubility of radon in water increases as the wa

45、ter temperature decreases (see Annex A).3.1.6continuous measurement of radon in watermeasurement of the radon activity concentration of continuous samples at a given sampling point in the water environmentNote 1 to entry: This form of analysis is used to monitor variations in the activity concentrat

46、ion of radon in the water at the sampling point over time.3.1.7continuous samplingprocess whereby samples are taken continuously from a body of waterSOURCE: ISO 6107-2:2006,332, modified3.1.8degassingtransfer of dissolved radon from water to air, usually by means of a physical process2 ISO 2013 All

47、rights reservedBS ISO 13164-1:2013ISO 13164-1:2013(E)3.1.9direct in-situ measurementautomatic analysis system in which at least the measurement probe is immersed in the body of water3.1.10discrete samplelocalized discrete samplesingle sample taken from a body of water at a random time or place3.1.11

48、dissolutionmixing of two phases with the formation of one new homogeneous phase3.1.12drinking waterpotable waterwater of a quality suitable for drinking purposesSOURCE: ISO 6107-1:2004,2303.1.13groundwaterwater which is held in, and can usually be recovered from, an underground formationSOURCE: ISO

49、6107-1:2004,241, modified3.1.14intermittent samplingprocess whereby discrete samples are taken from a body of water3.1.15mains waterwater fed from a drinking water treatment station, spring or borehole into a distribution system or reservoir3.1.16Ostwald coefficientvolume of a gas dissolved at a given temperature and pressure divided by the volume of the solvent at the same temperature and pressureNote 1 to entry: Adapted from Reference 10, p. 1147.Note 2 to entry: Modern pr