1、BRITISH STANDARD BS ISO 14400:2005 Road vehicles Wheels and rims Use, general maintenance and safety requirements and out-of-service conditionsICS 43.040.50 BS ISO 14400:2005 This British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 5 December 2005 BSI
2、 5 December 2005 ISBN 0 580 46465 2 National foreword This British Standard reproduces verbatim ISO 14400:2005 and implements it as the UK national standard. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee AUE/4, Tyres and wheels for motor vehicles, which has the respons
3、ibility to: A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary. Cross-references The British Standards which implement international publications referred to in this document may be found in the BSI Catalogue under the section entitled “International St
4、andards Correspondence Index”, or by using the “Search” facility of the BSI Electronic Catalogue or of British Standards Online. This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. Compliance with a British Stand
5、ard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. aid enquirers to understand the text; present to the responsible international/European committee any enquiries on the interpretation, or proposals for change, and keep UK interests informed; monitor related international and European de
6、velopments and promulgate them in the UK. Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, the ISO title page, pages ii to vi, pages 1 to 34, an inside back cover and a back cover. The BSI copyright notice displayed in this document indicates when the document was last
7、issued. Amendments issued since publication Amd. No. Date Comments Reference number ISO 14400:2005(E)INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 14400 First edition 2005-05-15 Road vehicles Wheels and rims Use, general maintenance and safety requirements and out-of-service conditions Vhicules routiers Roues et jante
8、s Exigences en matire dutilisation, de maintenance gnrale et de scurit, et conditions de mise hors service BS ISO 14400:2005ii iii Contents Page Foreword. v Introduction . vi 1 Scope 1 2 Normative references . 1 3 Terms and definitions. 1 4 Use and general maintenance requirements . 1 4.1 Wheels and
9、 wheel components. 1 4.2 Wheel mounting and removal 2 4.3 Studs and nuts 3 5 General safety requirements 3 6 Out-of-service conditions. 3 Figure 1 Trajectories . 2 Figure 2 Bolt-hole cracks 7 Figure 3 Bolt-hole-to-bolt-hole cracks 8 Figure 4 Bolt-hole-to-centre-hole cracks 9 Figure 5 Bolt-hole-to-ha
10、nd-hole cracks 10 Figure 6 Hand-hole cracks 11 Figure 7 Circumferential cracks on mounting area of hub-piloted wheels . 12 Figure 8 Cracks at stamp 13 Figure 9 Disc-hat cracks. 14 Figure 10 Elongated bolt holes 15 Figure 11 Distorted nut seat. 16 Figure 12 Burrs around bolt holes. 17 Figure 13 Worn
11、nut seat 18 Figure 14 Excessive wear/corrosion of wheel attachment face . 19 Figure 15 Circumferential cracks in rim well 20 Figure 16 Valve-aperture cracks 21 Figure 17 Butt-weld cracks. 22 Figure 18 Bead-seat cracks 23 Figure 19 Rim-gutter cracks. 24 Figure 20 Disc-to-rim weld cracks . 25 Figure 2
12、1 Side-ring cracks 26 Figure 22 Lock-ring cracks. 27 Figure 23 Bent rim flanges . 28 BS ISO 14400:2005iv Figure 24 Distorted bead seat 29 Figure 25 Distorted side ring 30 Figure 26 Excessive run-out.31 Figure 27 Burrs 32 Figure 28 Rim flange wear 33 Figure 29 Excessive corrosion on tyre side of rim
13、and gutter area .34 BS ISO 14400:2005 v Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member bo
14、dy interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrot
15、echnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted b
16、y the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent ri
17、ghts. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 14400 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 22, Road vehicles, Subcommittee SC 19, Wheels. BS ISO 14400:2005vi Introduction The purpose of this International Standard is to ensure the safe operation of ro
18、ad vehicles. The wheel is a highly stressed component of the vehicle that may be subject in service to extreme forces. Therefore, it is absolutely necessary to handle these parts with care and to pay particular attention to their mounting, removal and maintenance in order to ensure safe operations a
19、nd to prevent servicing accidents. BS ISO 14400:2005 1 Road vehicles Wheels and rims Use, general maintenance and safety requirements and out-of-service conditions 1 Scope This International Standard specifies requirements for the use, and general maintenance and safety of wheels and rims, and defin
20、es their out-of-service conditions, such as cracked, worn and bent wheels. It is applicable to wheels intended for use on road vehicles as defined in ISO 3833, excepting mopeds and motorcycles, and including multi-piece wheels for trucks. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are
21、 indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO 3833, Road vehicles Types Terms and definitions ISO 3911, Wheels and rims for pneum
22、atic tyres Vocabulary, designation and marking 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 3911 apply. 4 Use and general maintenance requirements WARNING On multi-piece rims, the use of the wrong ring components can result in catastrophic wheel f
23、ailure. 4.1 Wheels and wheel components Wheels or parts of wheels which cannot be identified shall not be used even if they seem to have the correct functions and the identical dimensions. The characteristics of the wheel centre shall exactly correspond to vehicle parts, especially the axle hub and
24、the brake, in order to guarantee a proper fitting and an effective load transmission. A neutral non-aggressive mounting paste or liquid shall be used to lubricate the tyre beads. The hub, studs, nuts and the wheel attachment face shall be carefully cleaned. In the case of multi-piece wheels, all con
25、tact surfaces shall be cleaned. Inspect parts for out-of-service conditions, see Clause 6. If cleaning does not restore the original condition for the mating surfaces or if the parts have any of the conditions described in Clause 6, the parts shall be replaced. BS ISO 14400:2005BS ISO 14400:2005 2 4
26、.2 Wheel mounting and removal Mounting and removal of wheels shall be carried out by trained personnel only. Only the correct tools shall be used to carry out the various operations. On multi-piece rims, prior to inflation of the tyre, the correct positioning of the lock ring, the loose flange ring
27、and rubber O-rings, or sealing rings if applicable, shall be carefully checked, always avoiding any correction by means of a hammer. In the case of incorrect positioning, all the air shall be let out of tyre and the whole mounting procedure repeated. When inflating tyres, the wheel shall be placed i
28、n a safety cage or else safety chains shall be put round the wheel. The operator shall not stay in the near dangerous areas or trajectories. Trajectory means any potential path or route that a rim wheel component can travel during an explosive separation, or the sudden release of the pressurized air
29、, or an area at which an airblast from a single piece rim wheel can be released. Examples of such trajectories are shown by shaded areas in Figure 1. The correct air pressure specified for the tyre shall be maintained and regular checks shall be made; otherwise, damage to tyre and/or wheel rim can o
30、ccur. Where multi-piece rims and divided (bolted) type wheels are involved, for safety reasons the tyres shall be fully deflated before the unbolting of the wheel and tyre assembly from the vehicle axle is started. This safety requirement applies to both tyres in a dual wheel application. NOTE Under
31、 some circumstances, the trajectory can deviate from its expected path. Figure 1 Trajectories BS ISO 14400:20053 4.3 Studs and nuts All mounting parts such as studs and nuts (with flat captive washer or with spherical or conical seats) shall fit exactly to the wheel being mounted. NOTE Any incorrect
32、 interchangeability or confusion can cause the wheel centre to fail. Studs and nuts of all wheels shall be fastened, preferably using a torque wrench or in any case by means of a suitable tool capable of reaching the torque value specified by the vehicle manufacturer. The sequence is across and not
33、round the wheel centre. The exact sequence shall conform to that given in the manual of the vehicle manufacturer. On the new vehicle and always after a wheel replacement, the mounting torque shall be verified after approximately 50 km of running and, where necessary, the wheel nuts shall be retighte
34、ned. Periodic checks should also be carried out. 5 General safety requirements After removal, wheels, rims, studs and nuts shall be checked closely to ensure that they are in good condition: namely that any fracture, crack, deformation, corrosion, heavy wear or other kind of non-conformity are not p
35、resent. Moreover, no technical modification on the wheel shall be made. Repair by means of welding or by the addition of material on rims or wheel centres having breakage, fissures, cracks or high wears, shall not be made, as they can introduce additional stresses in the critical areas. NOTE Further
36、 detailed information regarding safety recommendations can be found in the technical catalogues of the wheel and/or vehicle manufacturers. 6 Out-of-service conditions Typical out-of-service conditions of wheels, rims and components are shown in the following tables and figures. The conditions of whe
37、el centres are shown in Table 1 and Figures 2 to 14, and the conditions of rims and components are shown in Table 2 and Figures 15 to 29. Before checking, wheels shall be cleaned of mud and dirt. Wheels, rims and components in such conditions shall be removed from service and discarded. Rubber compo
38、nents (valves, sealing rings and O-rings) with excessive ageing, brittleness or cracks shall be removed from service and discarded. 4 Table 1 Typical out-of-service conditions of wheel centres Type Appearance Probable cause See Figure Bolt-hole cracks Insufficient tightening torque, loose nut Improp
39、er installation procedure Use of improper bolt/nut Mounting surface not flat Excessive load Damaged or worn nut seat Inequality of tightening torque between the nuts 2 Bolt-hole-to-bolt-hole cracks Insufficient tightening torque Insufficient attachment face hub backup Improper installation procedure
40、 Mounting surface or attachment face hub not flat Use of improper bolt/nut Worn mounting surface/attachment face hub Excessive load 3 Bolt-hole-to-centre-hole cracks Insufficient tightening torque Foreign material between mounting surface and attachment face hub which prevents flush contact 4 Bolt-h
41、ole-to-hand-hole cracks Excessive load 5 Hand-hole cracks Excessive load Dent, bruise, sharp edge around hand hole 6 Circumferential cracks on mounting area of hub-piloted wheels Excessive load Use of improper bolt/nut Insufficient attachment face hub backup Worn or damaged nut Improper tightening t
42、orque 7 Cracks at stamp Excessive stamping depth Excessive load 8 Crack Disc-hat cracks Excessive load 9 Elongated bolt holes Loose or worn nut Insufficient tightening torque Excessive dirt or nut Excessive paint buildup Excessive tightening torque Broken hardware 10 Distorted nut seat Loose inner n
43、ut Use of improper or worn bolt/nut Excessive tightening torque of inner nut Improper installation procedure 11 Deformation Burrs around bolt holes Excessive tightening torque Use of improper bolt/nut 12 Worn nut seat Excessive tightening torque Rust Improper inner nut contour 13 Wear/ corrosion Exc
44、essive wear/corrosion of wheel attachment face Insufficient attachment face hub backup Worn attachment face hub Improper installation procedure 14 BS ISO 14400:2005 5 Table 2 Typical out-of-service conditions of rims and components Type Appearance Probable cause See Figure Circumferential cracks in
45、rim well Excessive load, excessive air pressure Corrosion from excessive airline moisture or improper tyre mounting lubricants, etc. 15 Valve-aperture cracks Excessive load, excessive air pressure Improper finish of rim hole Corrosion 16 Butt-weld cracks Excessive load Improper welding 17 Bead-seat
46、cracks Excessive load, excessive air pressure Improper matching of tyre and rim Tyre tool damage Tyre bead not fully seated against flange 18 Rim-gutter cracks Excessive load, excessive air pressure Tyre tool damage Dent by hammer Excessive corrosion Improper trimming of flash butt weld Mismatch of
47、rim and side ring Improper tyre mounting 19 Disc-to-rim weld cracks Excessive load, excessive air pressure Improper welding 20 Side-ring cracks Excessive load, excessive air pressure Bent side ring Excessive corrosion Tyre tool damage Damaged or distorted rim gutter area Mismatch of rim and side rin
48、g Use of mismatched tyre Improper installation procedure of side ring 21 Crack Lock-ring cracks Excessive load, excessive air pressure Bent lock ring Excessive corrosion Tyre tool damage Damaged or distorted rim gutter area Use of mismatched lock ring Improper installation procedure of lock ring 22 BS ISO 14400:20056 Table 2 (continued) Type Appearance Probable cause See Figure Bent rim flanges Impact from kerbs, holes, or road hazards Abuse in tyre mounting or demounting 23 Distorted bead seat Impact damage Run-flat
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