1、BRITISH STANDARD BS ISO 14963:2003 Mechanical vibration and shock Guidelines for dynamic tests and investigations on bridges and viaductsICS 17.160; 93.040 BS ISO 14963:2003 This British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 14 July 2005 BSI 14
2、July 2005 ISBN 0 580 46145 9 National foreword This British Standard reproduces verbatim ISO 14963:2003 and implements it as the UK national standard. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted by Technical Committee GME/21, Mechanical vibration and shock, to Subcommittee GME/21/3, Measur
3、ement and evaluation of mechanical vibration and shock, which has the responsibility to: A list of organizations represented on this subcommittee can be obtained on request to its secretary. Cross-references The British Standards which implement international publications referred to in this documen
4、t may be found in the BSI Catalogue under the section entitled “International Standards Correspondence Index”, or by using the “Search” facility of the BSI Electronic Catalogue or of British Standards Online. This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Us
5、ers are responsible for its correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. aid enquirers to understand the text; present to the responsible international/European committee any enquiries on the interpretation, or proposals for chang
6、e, and keep UK interests informed; monitor related international and European developments and promulgate them in the UK. Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, the ISO title page, pages ii to v, a blank page, pages 1 to 27 and a back cover. The BSI copyright
7、notice displayed in this document indicates when the document was last issued. Amendments issued since publication Amd. No. Date CommentsReference number ISO 14963:2003(E) INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 14963 First edition 2003-12-01 Mechanical vibration and shock Guidelines for dynamic tests and invest
8、igations on bridges and viaducts Vibrations et chocs mcaniques Lignes directrices pour essais et tudes dynamiques sur ponts et viaducs BS ISO 14963:2003 iiiii Contents Page Foreword iv Introduction v 1 Scope 1 2 Normative references. 1 3 Terms and definitions. 1 4 Classification. 2 4.1 General. 2 4.
9、2 Type of superstructure. 2 4.3 Static design, methods of construction and substructure. 2 4.4 Function classification. 4 5 General criteria for testing . 4 5.1 General. 4 5.2 Choice of test techniques 5 5.3 Choice of excitation methods 5 5.4 Choice of response measuring system 5 6 Testing equipment
10、 6 6.1 Excitation equipment 6 6.2 Measurement equipment 6 6.3 Control, acquisition and analysis systems 6 7 Techniques of investigation. 7 7.1 General considerations 7 7.2 Tests using artificial excitation . 7 7.3 Ambient natural actions . 8 8 Testing and inspection. 9 8.1 General. 9 8.2 Testing dur
11、ing construction (interim inspection) 9 8.3 Testing the completed construction . 11 8.4 Investigation and controls during operation 12 8.5 Monitoring 12 9 Final report. 13 9.1 General. 13 9.2 Test design 14 9.3 Test report 15 9.4 Analysis of results and conclusions. 15 Annex A (informative) Excitati
12、on systems and their specification . 16 Annex B (informative) Measurement equipment and its specification . 22 Bibliography . 26 BS ISO 14963:2003 iv Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work
13、 of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmen
14、tal, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The ma
15、in task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. At
16、tention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 14963 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 108, Mechanical vibration and shock, Subcommittee
17、SC 2, Measurement and evaluation of mechanical vibration and shock as applied to machines, vehicles and structures. BS ISO 14963:2003 v Introduction Dynamic investigations can contribute to the control of structures through the measurement, interpretation and reporting of their response to dynamic e
18、xcitation. The design of the tests should correspond to the specific purposes of the investigation and the type of structure. The measurements usually lead to a characterization of the dynamic behaviour of the whole bridge, including foundations, or local structural elements in the frequency and/or
19、time domain. This International Standard is for use with permanent design, temporary works, construction and maintenance of bridges and viaducts as defined. Dynamic tests may be undertaken with the objective of evaluating the safety of bridge structures under construction, confirming after construct
20、ion the values used in design, evaluating dynamic characteristics to be used in wind and earthquake analysis and for live loading, monitoring of real bridges in-service and detecting any damage, confirming reinforcement effects on bridges, bridge diagnosis under an emergency, and diagnostic testing
21、as a basis for condition monitoring. Dynamic investigation may be used as part of the design process (design by testing) for new construction or for maintenance and rehabilitation management. BS ISO 14963:2003 blank1 Mechanical vibration and shock Guidelines for dynamic tests and investigations on b
22、ridges and viaducts 1 Scope This International Standard provides guidelines for dynamic tests and investigations on bridges and viaducts. It classifies the testing as a function of construction and usage, indicates the types of investigation and control for individual structural parts and whole stru
23、ctures, lists the equipment required for excitation and measurement, and classifies the techniques of investigation with reference to suitable methods for signal processing, data presentation and reporting. This International Standard provides general criteria for dynamic tests. These can supply inf
24、ormation on the dynamic behaviour of a structure that can serve as a basis for condition monitoring or system identification. The dynamic tests detailed in this International Standard do not replace static tests. The tests may seek to define all of the dynamic characteristics of each mode of vibrati
25、on examined (i.e. frequency, stiffness, mode shape and damping) and their non-linear variation with amplitude of motion. This International Standard is applicable to road, rail and pedestrian bridges and viaducts (both during construction and operation) and also to other works (or types of works), p
26、rovided that their particular structure justifies its application. The application of this International Standard to special structures (stayed or suspension bridges) requires specific tests which take into account the particular characteristics of the work. NOTE Hereinafter in this International St
27、andard, the term “bridges” means “bridges and viaducts”. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (incl
28、uding any amendments) applies. ISO 2041, Vibration and shock Vocabulary 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 2041 apply. BS ISO 14963:2003 BS ISO 14963:2003 2 4 Classification 4.1 General The dynamic behaviour of bridges is highly influenc
29、ed by the type of superstructure, static design and construction method, deck cross-section, support conditions, foundation type and elevation substructures (piers and abutments). Since these characteristics need to be considered in dynamic tests, a classification of bridges is given in 4.2 to 4.4.
30、This classification aids the proper reporting of measurements. 4.2 Type of superstructure The main categories of bridge deck with respect to the superstructure material are the following: a) reinforced concrete bridge decks (either in situ or precast); b) prestressed concrete bridge decks (either in
31、 situ or precast); pretensioned or post-tensioned, or combined pre- and post-tensioned units are generally used; c) steel bridge decks (with orthotropic plate or longitudinal stiffeners); d) composite steel beam and concrete slab bridge decks; e) masonry bridges; f) new materials (e.g. fibre reinfor
32、ced concrete, fibre reinforced plastic). 4.3 Static design, methods of construction and substructure 4.3.1 Static design The static design and the support conditions influence the dynamic behaviour of the structure and they should be taken into account in programming the tests. With respect to stati
33、c design, bridges can be classified as follows: a) single-span bridges or bridges with simply supported independent spans; b) viaducts with spans resting with their extremities supported and suitably constrained, yet independent in every span; c) multi-span continuous bridges, generally with signifi
34、cant variations in the longitudinal flexural rigidity along the span; d) a statically determinant Gerber-type continuous span; the longitudinal profile can be of constant or variable cross section; e) framed bridges; f) arch bridges; g) truss bridges; h) prefabricated modular bridges; i) tubular ste
35、el arch bridges. BS ISO 14963:2003 34.3.2 Methods of construction Bridges are generally erected using different construction methods that may effect both global dynamic behaviour and the theoretical modelling of the structure. As an example, some common construction methods are the following: in-sit
36、u construction with precast concrete or steel beams and concrete (in-situ or precast) slab; precast segmental or staging construction. Furthermore, strengthening or retrofit effects need to be considered in the test design. 4.3.3 Type of deck cross-section The main categories of bridge deck cross-se
37、ction are as follows: slab on girder cross-sections with steel or concrete girder (usually connected by means of transverse beams); single-cell or multi-cell box girder; solid or hollow slab cross-sections. 4.3.4 Type of foundation The main categories of foundations are the following: strip, slab or
38、 mass concrete foundations on competent soils or directly on rock; pile or sheet-pile foundations; caisson foundations. The behaviour of such foundations on the ground may influence the degree of constraint of the structures (piers and abutments) and it is suggested that, whenever possible, investig
39、ation of their behaviour is undertaken during construction. 4.3.5 Piers, abutments and parapets 4.3.5.1 Piers Most pier systems consist of the following: wall-type piers; single-column (hollow or solid, straight or tapered) piers; multiple-column (hollow or solid, straight or tapered) bents; framed
40、piers. Other types of pier may be classified as a combination of the above main categories. 4.3.5.2 Abutments Abutment systems generally consist of the following: reinforced concrete cast-in-place abutments (solid or with counterforts); hollow reinforced concrete cast-in-place abutments; 4 precast r
41、einforced concrete abutments; mechanical stabilized earth abutments, e.g. soil reinforcements. 4.3.5.3 Parapets Parapet constructions are generally made of the following: concrete; masonry. 4.3.6 Special bridges Special bridges such as the following require special attention: skew bridges (with angl
42、e of skew 15); curved bridges (R/L 10); inclined bridges (with slope angle 5 %); cable-stayed bridges; suspended bridges; mobile bridges (e.g. swing and lifting bridges); floating bridges. 4.4 Function classification With respect to function, bridges may be classified as a) road bridges, b) railway
43、bridges, c) pedestrian bridges, d) product and services bridges, or e) a combination of the above. 5 General criteria for testing 5.1 General It is advisable for investigations to be preceded by theoretical models and/or by numerical analysis to obtain the order of magnitude of values to be measured
44、. If similar works have already been investigated, it is reasonable to anticipate a similar order of values. This could concern a whole bridge, or elements, or structural parts. This initial analysis should supply the likely values of displacements, deformations, natural frequencies, mode shapes and
45、 damping as guidelines in the choice of the following: investigation technique; excitation method (type, duration of excitation, spectral distribution); BS ISO 14963:2003 5 choice of measuring instruments; location of transducers and/or exciters. 5.2 Choice of test techniques The choice of the test
46、techniques depends on many factors such as the frequency range, damping and level of excitation necessary for a correct evaluation of the response having regard to the accuracy of the transducers and the environmental noise. If the signal-to-noise ratio is less than 3, measurements should be process
47、ed with particular care and the test report should indicate the corrections adopted and the estimated errors. 5.3 Choice of excitation methods 5.3.1 General In choosing the excitation methods, two types of structural motion should be considered: free and forced motion. In both cases investigations m
48、ay be performed in the time, or in the frequency, or in the time- frequency domains. The free motion may be excited by sudden application of a static load or of imposed displacement, or as tail- response to transient excitation (including the effect of running or braking vehicles). The excitation may be “environmental forced” or “artificial forced”. The first is due to the wind, road traffic, micro-earthquake, and has a random-characteristic wide spectrum. The second is through controlled excitation and may be particularly suitable for concentrating forcing energy around di
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