BS ISO 15314-2005 Plastics - Methods for marine exposure《塑料 海上曝光法》.pdf

1、BRITISH STANDARD BS ISO 15314:2004 Plastics Methods for marine exposure ICS 83.080.01 BS ISO 15314:2004 This British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 27 January 2005 BSI 27 January 2005 ISBN 0 580 45369 3 National foreword This British Stan

2、dard reproduces verbatim ISO 15314:2004 and implements it as the UK national standard. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee PRI/21, Testing of plastics, which has the responsibility to: A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on r

3、equest to its secretary. Cross-references The British Standards which implement international publications referred to in this document may be found in the BSI Catalogue under the section entitled “International Standards Correspondence Index”, or by using the “Search” facility of the BSI Electronic

4、 Catalogue or of British Standards Online. This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. aid enquirers to unders

5、tand the text; present to the responsible international/European committee any enquiries on the interpretation, or proposals for change, and keep the UK interests informed; monitor related international and European developments and promulgate them in the UK. Summary of pages This document comprises

6、 a front cover, an inside front cover, the ISO title page, pages ii to v, a blank page, pages 1 to 12, an inside back cover and a back cover. The BSI copyright notice displayed in this document indicates when the document was last issued. Amendments issued since publication Amd. No. Date CommentsINT

7、ERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 15314 First edition 2004-11-01 Reference number ISO 15314:2004(E) OSI 2004 Plastics Methods for marine exposure Plastiques Mthodes dexposition aux intempries marinesBSISO15314:2004ISO :41351(4002)E ii ISO 4002 All rithgs reresvde id FDPscalimer ThFDP si fam eliy ctnome niat d

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12、Ce soptael 65 -HCG 1121eneva 02 Te.l 22 14 + 10 947 11 Fax + 22 14 0 9479 74 Eam-il ocpyrithgios.ogr Web wwwi.soo.rg Pubni dehsil Stiwrezldna BSISO15314:2004ISO 13514002:4)E( ISO 4002 r llAithgs reservde iii Contents Page 1 Scope 1 2 Normative references 1 3 Terms and definitions 2 4 Principle 2 4.1

13、 General . 2 4.2 Significance . 2 5 Requirements for apparatus . 3 5.1 General requirements . 3 5.2 Requirements for method A, floating exposure . 3 5.3 Requirements for method B, partial-immersion exposure 4 5.4 Requirements for method C, shallow-immersion exposure 5 6 Test specimens 5 6.1 Form and

14、 preparation . 5 6.2 Number of test specimens . 7 6.3 Storage and conditioning . 8 7 Procedure . 8 7.1 General . 8 7.2 Specific procedure for method A, marine floating exposure 8 7.3 Specific procedure for method B, partial-immersion exposure 9 7.4 Specific procedure for method C, shallow-immersion

15、exposure . 9 7.5 Evaluation of specimens after exposure . 9 8 Test report 10 Bibliography . 12 BSISO15314:2004ISO :41351(4002)E iv ISO 4002 All rithgs reresvde Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies)

16、. The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non

17、-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part

18、 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting

19、a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 15314 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 61, Plastics, Subcommittee SC 6, Ageing,

20、 chemical and environmental resistance. BSISO15314:2004ISO 13514002:4)E( ISO 4002 r llAithgs reservde v Introduction Plastics are often used in outdoor applications where they are immersed or partially immersed in water. In some cases, materials made from plastic are designed to float on water. In o

21、thers, plastic articles that are discarded end up as floating debris. In addition to the effects of sunlight and heat, plastic polymers or products exposed in marine environments may be subjected to hydrolysis, water absorption, extraction of stabilizers, erosion by wave action, corrosion by salts a

22、nd/or attack by seaborne microorganisms. These stresses are not simulated in typical weathering exposures conducted in accordance with ISO 877. Therefore a separate standard is necessary to define procedures that realistically and consistently stress plastic materials in the same way that they would

23、 be in products used or discarded in marine environments. This International Standard describes three procedures for the exposure of plastic materials in the same way as they could be when used in marine environments. There are four primary reasons why the rate of degradation of plastics exposed at

24、sea can be different from that for the same plastic exposed on land 1 : a) exposure in moist conditions is known to accelerate degradation of some polymers small amounts of absorbed water may act as a plasticizer, increasing accessibility of the matrix to oxygen, or may leach out stabilizing additiv

25、es; b) differences in heat build-up between plastics exposed in water or on the surface compared to plastics exposed on land; c) the action of microorganisms that may shield the plastic from UV radiation or may enhance biodegradation processes; d) the action of macroorganism settlements that can pro

26、duce disfigurement of surfaces. It is essential to establish appropriate exposure procedures in order to properly assess the performance of plastics used in marine environments, and to evaluate how long plastics discarded as litter will persist in marine environments. BSISO15314:2004blank 4002:41351

27、OSISBANRETNIITOTS LANDNADRA ISO 13514002:4)E( ISO 4002 r llAithgs reservde 1 Plastics Methods for marine exposure 1S c o p e This International Standard describes three methods for the exposure of plastics in a marine environment. MethodA covers exposures where specimens float on the surface, method

28、B covers exposures where specimens are partially immersed and methodC covers exposures where specimens are completely immersed. Although intended for marine (salt water) exposure, the methodology might be used with outdoor brackish water and fresh-water exposures as well. Direct weathering of plasti

29、cs on land is described in ISO 877. Method A is particularly applicable to enhanced-degradability plastics where the environmental degradation under marine floating exposure is expected to be accelerated relative to that of regular plastic materials. This International Standard specifies the general

30、 requirements for the apparatus, and procedures for using the test methods described. It lists properties that may be used to evaluate changes in plastics subjected to marine exposure. More specific information about methods for determining the changes in properties of plastics on exposure and repor

31、ting these results is given in ISO 4582. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendm

32、ents) applies. ISO 291, Plastics Standard atmospheres for conditioning and testing ISO 293, Plastics Compression moulding of test specimens of thermoplastic materials ISO 294-1, Plastics Injection moulding of test specimens of thermoplastic materials Part 1: General principles, and moulding of multi

33、purpose and bar test specimens ISO 294-2, Plastics Injection moulding of test specimens of thermoplastic materials Part 2: Small tensile bars ISO 294-3, Plastics Injection moulding of test specimens of thermoplastic materials Part 3: Small plates ISO 295, Plastics Compression moulding of test specim

34、ens of thermosetting materials ISO 877, Plastics Methods of exposure to direct weathering, to weathering using glass-filtered daylight, and to intensified weathering by daylight using Fresnel mirrors ISO 2818, Plastics Preparation of test specimens by machining ISO 3167, Plastics Multipurpose test s

35、pecimens ISO 4582, Plastics Determination of changes in colour and variations in properties after exposure to daylight under glass, natural weathering or laboratory light sources BSISO15314:2004ISO :41351(4002)E 2 ISO 4002 All rithgs reresvde 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document

36、, the following terms and definitions apply. 3.1 control weathering a material which is of similar composition and construction to the test material, and which is exposed at the same time for comparison with the test material NOTE An example of the use of a control material would be when a formulati

37、on different from one currently being used is being evaluated. In that case, the control would be the plastic made with the original formulation. 3.2 file specimen portion of the material to be tested which is stored under conditions in which it is stable, and is used for comparison between the expo

38、sed state and the original state 4P r i n c i p l e 4.1 General Replicate specimens of the appropriate size and shape are exposed floating on the surface of water, partially immersed in water or completely immersed in water. After the prescribed exposure interval, the specimens are removed from the

39、water and tested/examined for changes in chemical, physical and/or appearance properties. In addition, the specimens may be tested for the type and severity of microbial growth or biofouling. Unless otherwise specified, test specimens are exposed in an unstrained state. The exposure intervals at whi

40、ch the specimens are tested/examined are typically defined in terms of a given length of time. In some cases, however, the exposure interval may be expressed in terms of the total solar or solar ultraviolet radiation dosage. The climatic conditions are monitored during the exposure and reported with

41、 the other conditions of exposure. 4.2 Significance The relative durability of materials in marine exposures can vary depending on the location of the exposure because of differences in ultraviolet radiation, ambient air temperature, water temperature, microorganisms, tidal action and contaminants i

42、n the water. Therefore, it cannot be assumed that results from one exposure in a particular location will be useful in determining the relative durability in another location. Exposures in several locations which represent a broad range of anticipated service conditions are recommended. Exposure of

43、the same material for the same length of time at different marine sites is not expected to result in identical degrees of degradation. This is also true for exposures at the same site, but during different seasons or in different years. Thus, the length of exposure is only a general indication of th

44、e extent of exposure and should always be considered in relation to the characteristics of the exposure site. Because of year-to-year climatic variations, results from a single exposure test cannot be used to predict the absolute rate at which a material degrades in marine exposures. Several years o

45、f repeat exposures are needed to get an “average” test result for a given location. It is strongly recommended that at least one control material be part of any marine exposure evaluation. It is preferable to use two control materials, one with relatively good durability and one with relatively poor

46、 durability. This International Standard covers plastic materials in film, sheet, laminate, monofilament, fibre, rope or netting form. This includes, but is not limited to, packaging films, fishing gear, monofilament fibres and ropes. When filaments, fibres, ropes or netting are exposed, it may be a

47、ppropriate to apply a stress or use weights during exposure to give a more realistic estimate of performance in actual service. BSISO15314:2004ISO 13514002:4)E( ISO 4002 r llAithgs reservde 3 When marine exposures are used to evaluate enhanced-degradability plastic material, a comparable material no

48、t formulated for enhanced degradability might be used for comparison. The test results can then be used to obtain the rate of breakdown of the enhanced-degradability material relative to the other material. For most enhanced-degradability materials, particularly the enhanced-photodegradability mater

49、ials, the time to embrittlement (reduction of ultimate extensibility to , and therefore failure of the material) is only a few months of exposure. Therefore, the test results will depend heavily on the time of year the exposure is conducted. For materials that are intended to have enhanced degradability, it is important to evaluate the degraded material after exposure to determine whether it is biodegradable. The test re