BS ISO 15382-2015 Radiological protection Procedures for monitoring the dose to the lens of the eye the skin and the extremities《辐射防护 眼内晶体 皮肤和四肢的剂量监测程序》.pdf

1、BSI Standards PublicationBS ISO 15382:2015Radiological protection Procedures for monitoring thedose to the lens of the eye, theskin and the extremitiesBS ISO 15382:2015 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of ISO 15382:2015.The UK participation in its prepa

2、ration was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee NCE/2, Radiation protection and measurement. A list of organizations represented on this committee can beobtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessaryprovisions of a contract. Users are responsible for i

3、ts correctapplication. The British Standards Institution 2015.Published by BSI Standards Limited 2015ISBN 978 0 580 82027 4ICS 13.280Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligations.This British Standard was published under the authority of theStandards Policy and Stra

4、tegy Committee on 30 November 2015.Amendments/corrigenda issued since publicationDate T e x t a f f e c t e dBS ISO 15382:2015 ISO 2015Radiological protection Procedures for monitoring the dose to the lens of the eye, the skin and the extremitiesRadioprotection Procdures pour la surveillance des dos

5、es au cristallin, la peau et aux extrmitsINTERNATIONAL STANDARDISO15382Second edition2015-12-01Reference numberISO 15382:2015(E)BS ISO 15382:2015ISO 15382:2015(E)ii ISO 2015 All rights reservedCOPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2015, Published in SwitzerlandAll rights reserved. Unless otherwise specif

6、ied, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO

7、s member body in the country of the requester.ISO copyright officeCh. de Blandonnet 8 CP 401CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, SwitzerlandTel. +41 22 749 01 11Fax +41 22 749 09 47copyrightiso.orgwww.iso.orgBS ISO 15382:2015ISO 15382:2015(E)Foreword ivIntroduction v1 Scope . 12 Normative references 13 Terms an

8、d definitions . 24 Individual monitoring . 24.1 Quantities 24.2 Dose limits and monitoring levels 24.3 Monitoring period 34.4 Extremity, skin and lens of the eye monitoring 34.5 Uncertainties 34.6 Characteristics of radiation fields . 45 Assessment of dose levels prior to routine monitoring . 45.1 G

9、eneral . 45.2 Indications from workplace measurements 45.3 Indications from whole body dosimetry 55.4 Indications from literature data . 55.5 Indications from simulations 55.6 Indications from confirmatory measurements . 56 Personal dosimetry 66.1 Extremity and skin dosimetry . 66.1.1 Locations to m

10、onitor 66.1.2 Types of dosemeters . 66.1.3 Technical specifications of dosemeters 76.1.4 Application of correction factors . 76.2 Monitoring of the lens of the eye . 76.2.1 Locations to monitor 76.2.2 Types of dosemeters . 86.2.3 Technical specifications of dosemeters 86.2.4 Application of correctio

11、n factors . 87 Interpretation and management of the results 97.1 Analyses of results . 97.2 Optimization . 97.3 Registration and documentation . 98 Special cases 98.1 Contamination . 98.1.1 General 98.1.2 Estimation of dose to the skin or the lens of the eye from contamination .108.1.3 Estimation of

12、 dose to the skin or to the eye lens from hot particles 108.1.4 Estimation of dose to the skin or to the lens of the eye from contamination on protective clothing .118.2 Estimation of dose from exposure to radioactivity in the air 118.3 Need to correct estimated doses due to contamination of dosemet

13、ers .11Annex A (normative) Technical specifications of dosemeters 13Annex B (informative) Monitoring the dose to the lens of the eye .14Annex C (informative) Special considerations in the medical sector 18Annex D (informative) Special considerations in nuclear power plants21Bibliography .25 ISO 2015

14、 All rights reserved iiiContents PageBS ISO 15382:2015ISO 15382:2015(E)ForewordISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO techni

15、cal committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely w

16、ith the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed

17、 for the different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rig

18、hts. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).Any trade name used in thi

19、s document is information given for the convenience of users and does not constitute an endorsement.For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISOs adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical Barriers to

20、 Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary informationThe committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 85, Nuclear energy, nuclear technologies and radiological protection, Subcommittee SC 2, Radiological protection.This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (I

21、SO 15382:2002), which has been technically revised. The main changes are the addition of procedures for monitoring the dose to the lens of the eye.iv ISO 2015 All rights reservedBS ISO 15382:2015ISO 15382:2015(E)IntroductionThe human body has to be protected from effects of ionizing radiation. The s

22、tochastic effects are covered by the limit on the effective dose while tissue reactions (deterministic effects) are covered by the dose limits for specific organs. The human skin has to be protected from tissue reactions, like erythema and ulceration. For the lens of the eye, there is the risk of ra

23、diation induced opacities and cataract at elevated exposures. To protect the skin of the whole body, the extremities, and the lens of the eye, separate dose limits are recommended by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP). These separate dose limits are needed because, in cas

24、e of localized exposures, the organ doses to the skin and the lens of the eye could exceed these limits even if the effective doses were lower than the limit.Specific dosimetry is needed to monitor these doses and to assess compliance with applicable limits. There are some situations where the corre

25、ct assessment of the exposure of the skin, extremities, and lens of the eye can be important. In the nuclear sector, there can be exposure due to weakly penetrating radiation caused by unshielded open radioactive sources, or by work in glove boxes. These types of exposure can occur, in particular, i

26、n connection with contamination. Exposure to weakly penetrating radiation from radioactive noble gases in room air also has to be considered. In the medical field, doses to extremities and doses to the lens of the eye can be important during interventional procedures and in nuclear medicine.Monitori

27、ng the extremities and the lens of the eye is not always straightforward, and many practical problems arise for the application of monitoring in the workplace. As a result, monitoring is often not done as it should be, or not done at all. This International Standard provides guidance on how and when

28、 this monitoring should be done, for all the different types of workplace fields.This International Standard is directed to all who are involved in the dosimetry of the skin, extremities, and the lens of the eye, like for example, radiation protection officers, regulators, workers, dosimetry service

29、s, etc. ISO 2015 All rights reserved vBS ISO 15382:2015BS ISO 15382:2015Radiological protection Procedures for monitoring the dose to the lens of the eye, the skin and the extremities1 ScopeThis International Standard provides procedures for monitoring the dose to the skin, the extremities, and the

30、lens of the eye. It gives guidance on how to decide if such dosemeters are needed and to ensure that individual monitoring is appropriate to the nature of the exposure, taking practical considerations into account. National regulations, if they exist, provide requirements that need to be followed.Th

31、is International Standard specifies procedures for individual monitoring of radiation exposure of the skin, extremities (hands, fingers, wrists, forearms, feet and ankles), and lens of the eye in planned exposure situations. It covers practices which involve a risk of exposure to photons in the rang

32、e of 8 keV to 10 MeV and electrons and positrons in the range of 60 keV to 10 MeV.This International Standard gives guidance for the design of a monitoring program to ensure compliance with legal individual dose limits. It refers to the appropriate operational dose quantities, and it gives guidance

33、on the type and frequency of individual monitoring and the type and positioning of the dosemeter. Finally, different approaches to assess and analyse skin, extremity, and lens of the eye doses are given.It is not in the scope of this International Standard to consider exposure due to alpha or neutro

34、n radiation fields.2 Normative referencesThe following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (i

35、ncluding any amendments) applies.ISO/TS 18090-1, Radiological protection Characteristics of reference pulsed radiation Part 1: Photon radiation.IEC 62387, Radiation protection instrumentation Passive integrating dosimetry systems for personal and environmental monitoring of photon and beta radiation

36、IEC 60846-1, Radiation protection instrumentation Ambient and/or directional dose equivalent (rate) meters and/or monitors for beta, X and gamma radiation Part 1: Portable workplace and environmental meters and monitorsIEC 61526, Radiation protection instrumentation Measurement of personal dose equi

37、valents Hp(10) and Hp(0,07) for X, gamma, neutron and beta radiations Direct reading personal dose equivalent metersICRP, 2007. The 2007 Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection, ICRP Publication 103. Ann. ICRP 37 (2-4)ICRP, 2010. Conversion Coefficients for Radiolo

38、gical Protection Quantities for External Radiation Exposures, ICRP Publication 116, Ann. ICRP 40(25), 2010ICRP, 2012. ICRP Statement on Tissue Reactions / Early and Late Effects of Radiation in Normal Tissues and Organs Threshold Doses for Tissue Reactions in a Radiation Protection Context, ICRP Pub

39、lication 118. Ann. ICRP 41(1/2)ICRU, 2011. Fundamental Quantities and Units for Ionizing Radiation, ICRU Publication 85. J. ICRU 11(1)INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 15382:2015(E) ISO 2015 All rights reserved 1BS ISO 15382:2015ISO 15382:2015(E)3 Terms and definitionsFor the purposes of this document, the

40、 terms, definitions and units given in ICRP 103, ICRP 116, ICRP 118 and ICRU 85 apply.4 Individual monitoring4.1 QuantitiesSkin and extremity monitoring involves the measurement of Hp(0,07), the estimator of the equivalent dose to the skin.Lens of the eye monitoring involves the measurement of Hp(3)

41、, the estimator of the equivalent dose to the lens of the eye. If the radiation field is well known, Hp(3) can be estimated by the use of dosemeters type tested and calibrated in terms of other quantities, i.e. Hp(0,07) and Hp(10), as in many cases they can provide an adequate estimate of the dose t

42、o the lens of the eye (depending on the radiation field). Technical specifications of dosemeters are provided in Annex A. Guidance on which type of dosemeter can be used for the lens of the eye (depending on the radiation field) is provided in Annex B.4.2 Dose limits and monitoring levelsThe dose li

43、mits for skin, extremities, and lens of the eye for planned exposure situations are given in national regulations.ICRP has given more recent recommendations on the dose limits (ICRP 103 and ICRP 118) to avoid tissue reactions. Requirements equivalent to these recommendations are given by the IAEA in

44、 the Basic Safety Standards (BSS).1These recommendations from ICRP and IAEA constitute the basis for the recommendations in this International Standard.The ICRP recommended dose limits are the following:a) an equivalent dose limit to the extremities (hands and feet) or the skin of 500 mSv in a year.

45、 The equivalent dose limits for the skin apply to the average dose over 1 cm2of the most highly irradiated area of the skin. In practice, an estimate of equivalent dose to the skin is a conservative estimate of equivalent dose to the extremities;b) an equivalent dose limit to the lens of the eye of

46、20 mSv per year averaged over 5 consecutive years (100 mSv in 5 years) and of 50 mSv in any single year.Individual monitoring is required to verify compliance with dose limits as they are described in the national legislation. Extremity, skin, and lens of the eye monitoring should be undertaken for

47、workers who have a reasonable probability of receiving per year an equivalent dose higher than 3/10th of one of the above mentioned yearly limits. National regulations can require monitoring from different values, in that case they replace the following values.The following monitoring levels are rec

48、ommended:a) for the extremities or the skin, this means monitoring should be undertaken if there is a reasonable probability to receive a dose greater than 150 mSv per year;b) for the lens of the eye, monitoring should be undertaken if there is a reasonable probability to receive a dose in a single

49、year greater than 15 mSv or in consecutive years greater than 6 mSv per year.For dose levels expected to be lower than the recommended monitoring levels given above, a survey demonstrating that the levels are not exceeded, should be sufficient.The expected annual dose can be estimated via one or more of the methods given in Clause 5.2 ISO 2015 All rights reservedBS ISO 15382:2015ISO 15382:2015(E)4.3 Monitoring periodThe choice of the length of the monitoring period is related to the levels of the expected doses and to the relevant dos