1、BRITISH STANDARD BS ISO 15556:1998 Guide for selection and calibration of dosimetry systems for radiation processing ICS 17.240BSISO15556:1998 This British Standard, having been prepared under the directionof the Engineering SectorCommittee, was publishedunder the authority ofthe Standards Committee
2、 andcomes into effect on 15October1999 BSI 04-2000 ISBN 0580329151 National foreword This British Standard reproduces verbatim ISO15556:1998 and implements it as the UK national standard. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee NCE/2, Health physics instrumentati
3、on, which has the responsibility to: aid enquirers to understand the text; present to the responsible international/European committee any enquiries on the interpretation, or proposals for change, and keep the UK interests informed; monitor related international and European developments and promulg
4、ate them in the UK. A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary. Cross-references The British Standards which implement international or European publications referred to in this document may be found in the BSI Standards Catalogue under the sect
5、ion entitled “International Standards Correspondence Index”, or by using the “Find” facility of the BSI Standards Electronic Catalogue. A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application.
6、 Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i and ii, the ISO title page, pages ii to iv, pages 1 to 18 and a back cover. This standard has been updated (see copyri
7、ght date) and may have had amendments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amendment table on the inside front cover. Amendments issued since publication Amd. No. Date CommentsBSISO15556:1998 BSI 04-2000 i Contents Page National foreword Inside front cover Foreword iii Text of ISO 15556 1ii b
8、lankBSISO15556:1998 ii BSI 04-2000 Contents Page Foreword iii 1 Scope 1 2 Referenced Documents 1 3 Terminology 1 4 Significance and Use 2 5 Dosimeter Classes and Applications 3 6 Criteria for Selection of Routine Dosimetry Systems 4 7 Analytical Instrument Performance 5 8 Dosimetry System Calibratio
9、n 5 9 Interpretation of Absorbed Dose in a Product 9 10 Minimum Documentation Requirements 10 11 Precision and Bias 10 12 Keywords 10 Appendix X1 (nonmandatory information) Interpretation of absorbed dose 11 Appendix X2 (nonmandatory information) Sources of uncertainty 12 Appendix X3 (nonmandatory i
10、nformation) Examples of dosimeter characteristics 12 References 17 Table 1 Examples of Reference Standard Dosimeters 3 Table 2 Examples of Routine Dosimeters 4 Table 3 Characteristics of Transfer Standard Dosimeters 4 Table X3.1 Alanine/EPR Dosimeter 12 Table X3.2 Calorimetric Dosimetry Systems 13 T
11、able X3.3 Tinted Cellulose Triacetate (CTA) Dosimeter 13 Table X3.4 Ceric-Cerous Sulfate Dosimeter 13 Table X3.5 Dichromate Dosimeter 14 Table X3.6 Dyed Polymethylmethacrylate Dosimeter 14 Table X3.7 Ethanol-Chlorobenzene Dosimeter 15 Table X3.8 Ferrous Sulfate (Fricke) Dosimeter 15 Table X3.9 Radio
12、chromic Dye Solution Dosimeter 15 Table X3.10 Radiochromic Film Dosimeter 15 Table X3.11 Optical Waveguide Radiochromic Dosimeter 16 Table X3.12 Thermoluminescence Dosimeter (TLD) 16BSISO15556:1998 BSI 04-2000 iii Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide feder
13、ation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that commit
14、tee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. Draft International Standards adopted by the tec
15、hnical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least75% of the member bodies casting a vote. International Standard ISO15556 was prepared by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Subcommittee E10.01 (
16、as E1261-94) and was adopted, under a special “fast-track procedure”, by Technical Committee ISO/TC85, Nuclear energy, in parallel with its approval by the ISO member bodies. A new ISO/TC85 Working Group WG3, High-level dosimetry for radiation processing, was formed to review the voting comments fro
17、m the ISO “Fast-track procedure” and to maintain these standards. The USA holds the convenership of this working group. International Standard ISO15556 is one of20 standards developed and published by ASTM. The20 fast-tracked standards and their associated ASTM designations are listed below: ISO Des
18、ignation ASTM Designation Title 15554 E 1204-93 Practice for dosimetry in gamma irradiation facilities for food processing 15555 E 1205-93 Practice for use of a ceric-cerous sulfate dosimetry system 15556 E 1261-94 Guide for selection and calibration of dosimetry systems for radiation processing 155
19、57 E 1275-93 Practice for use of a radiochromic film dosimetry system 15558 E 1276-96 Practice for use of a polymethylmethacrylate dosimetry system 15559 E 1310-94 Practice for use of a radiochromic optical waveguide dosimetry system 15560 E 1400-95a Practice for characterization and performance of
20、a high-dose radiation dosimetry calibration laboratory 15561 E 1401-96 Practice for use of a dichromate dosimetry system 15562 E 1431-91 Practice for dosimetry in electron and bremsstrahlung irradiation facilities for food processing 15563 E 1538-93 Practice for use of the ethanol-chlorobenzene dosi
21、metry system 15564 E 1539-93 Guide for use of radiation-sensitive indicatorsBSISO15556:1998 iv BSI 04-2000 ISO Designation ASTM Designation Title 15565 E 1540-93 Practice for use of a radiochromic liquid dosimetry system 15566 E 1607-94 Practice for use of the alanine-EPR dosimetry system 15567 E 16
22、08-94 Practice for dosimetry in an X-ray (bremsstrahlung) facility for radiation processing 15568 E 1631-96 Practice for use of calorimetric dosimetry systems for electron beam dose measurements and dosimeter calibrations 15569 E 1649-94 Practice for dosimetry in an electron-beam facility for radiat
23、ion processing at energies between 300 keV and 25 MeV 15570 E 1650-94 Practice for use of cellulose acetate dosimetry system 15571 E 1702-95 Practice for dosimetry in a gamma irradiation facility for radiation processing 15572 E 1707-95 Guide for estimating uncertainties in dosimetry for radiation p
24、rocessing 15573 E 1818-96 Practice for dosimetry in an electron-beam facility for radiation processing at energies between 80 keV and 300 keVBSISO15556:1998 BSI 04-2000 1 1 Scope 1.1 This guide provides the basis for selecting and calibrating dosimetry systems used to measure absorbed dose in gamma-
25、ray or X-ray fields and in electron beams used for radiation processing. It discusses the types of dosimetry systems that may be employed during calibration or on a routine basis as part of quality assurance in commercial radiation processing of products. This guide also discusses interpretation of
26、absorbed dose and briefly outlines the uncertainties associated with the dosimetry measurements. The details of the calibration of the analytical instrumentation are addressed in individual dosimetry system standard practices. 1.2 The absorbed-dose range covered is from about1Gy (100rad) to1MGy (100
27、Mrad). Source energies covered are from0.1 to50MeV photons and electrons. 1.3 Standard practices and guides for specific dosimetry systems and applications are covered in other standards. Dosimetry for radiation processing with neutrons or heavy charged particles is not covered in this guide. 1.4 Th
28、is standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 2 Referenced Documen
29、ts 2.1 ASTM Standards: E 170, Terminology Relating to Radiation Measurements and Dosimetry 1) . E 178, Practice for Dealing with Outlying Observations 2) . E 666, Practice for Calculating Absorbed Dose from Gamma or X Radiation 1) . E 668, Practice for the Application of Thermoluminescence-Dosimetry
30、 (TLD) Systems for Determining Absorbed Dose in Radiation-Hardness Testing of Electronic Devices 1) . E 1026, Practice for Using the Fricke Reference Standard Dosimetry System 1) . E 1204, Practice for Dosimetry in Gamma Irradiation Facilities for Food Processing 1) . E 1205, Practice for Use of a C
31、eric-Cerous Sulfate Dosimetry System 1) . E 1275, Practice for Use of a Radiochromic Film Dosimetry System 1) . E 1276, Practice for Use of a Polymethylmethacrylate Dosimetry System 1) . E 1310, Practice for Use of a Radiochromic Optical Waveguide Dosimetry System 1) . E 1400, Practice for Character
32、ization and Performance of a High-Dose Radiation Dosimetry Calibration Laboratory 1) . E 1401, Practice for Use of a Dichromate Dosimetry System 1) . E 1431, Practice for Dosimetry in Electron and Bremsstrahlung Irradiation Facilities for Food Processing 1) . E 1538, Practice for Use of the Ethanol-
33、Chlorobenzene Dosimetry System 1) . E 1540, Practice for Use of a Radiochromic Liquid Dosimetry System 1) . E 1607, Practice for Use of the Alanine-EPR Dosimetry System 1) . E 1631, Practice for Use of Calorimetric Dosimetry Systems for Electron Beam Dose Measurements and Dosimeter Calibrations 1) .
34、 2.2 International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements Reports: ICRU Report 14, Radiation Dosimetry: X-rays and Gamma rays with Maximum Photon Energies Between 0.6 and50 MeV 3) . ICRU Report 17, Radiation Dosimetry: X-rays Generated at Potentials of5 to150kV 3) . ICRU Report 33, Radiation
35、 Quantities and Units 3) . ICRU Report 34, The Dosimetry of Pulsed Radiation 3) . ICRU Report 35, Radiation Dosimetry: Electron Beams with Energies between1 and50MeV 3) . ICRU Report 37, Stopping Powers for Electrons and Positrons 3) . 3 Terminology 3.1 Descriptions of Terms Specific to This Standar
36、d 3.1.1 accredited dosimetry calibration laboratory a laboratory that meets specific performance criteria and has been tested and approved by a recognized accrediting organization 1) Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol12.02. 2) Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol14.02. 3) Available from International
37、Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements,7910 Woodmont Ave., Suite800, Bethesda, MD20814.BSISO15556:1998 2 BSI 04-2000 3.1.2 calibration curve graphical or mathematical relationship between dosimeter response and absorbed dose for a given dosimetry system DISCUSSION This term is also referred
38、to as the response function. 3.1.3 calibration facility combination of an ionizing radiation source and its associated instrumentation that provides uniform and reproducible absorbed-dose rates at specific locations in a specific material traceable to national standards, and therefore, may be used t
39、o calibrate the absorbed-dose response of routine or other types of dosimeters 3.1.4 dosimeter batch quantity of dosimeters made from a specific mass of material with uniform composition, fabricated in a single production run under controlled, consistent conditions, and having a unique identificatio
40、n code 3.1.5 dosimetry system system used to determine absorbed dose, consisting of dosimeters, measurement instruments and their associated reference standards, and procedures for the systems use 3.1.6 electron equilibrium a condition that exists in material under irradiation when the energies, num
41、ber, and direction of electrons induced by the radiation are constant throughout the volume of interest; thus, within such a volume, the sum of the energies of the electrons entering it is equal to the sum of the energies of all the electrons leaving it 3.1.7 measurement quality assurance plan a doc
42、umented program for a measurement process that quantifies the total uncertainty of the measurement (both random and non-random components); this plan shall demonstrate traceability to national standards, and shall show that the total uncertainty meets the requirements of the specific application 3.1
43、.8 primary standard dosimeter dosimeter, of the highest metrological quality, established and maintained as an absorbed dose standard by a national or International Standards organization 3.1.9 quality assurance all systematic actions necessary to provide adequate confidence that a measurement is pe
44、rformed to a predefined level of quality 3.1.10 reference standard dosimeter dosimeter, of high metrological quality, used as a standard to provide measurements traceable to, and consistent with, measurements made using primary standard dosimeters 3.1.11 routine dosimeter dosimeter calibrated agains
45、t a primary, reference, or transfer standard dosimeter and used for routine dosimetry measurements 3.1.12 simulated product mass of material with attenuation and scattering properties similar to those of a particular material or combination of materials DISCUSSION This term is sometimes referred to
46、as dummy product. 3.1.13 stock part of a batch held by the user 3.1.14 traceability the ability to show that a measurement is consistent with appropriate national or International Standards through an unbroken chain of comparisons 3.1.15 transfer standard dosimeter dosimeter, often a reference stand
47、ard dosimeter, intended for transport between different locations for use as an intermediary to compare absorbed dose measurements 3.2 Other terms used in this guide may be found in Terminology E170, ICRU Report33, and Ref (1). 4) 4 Significance and Use 4.1 Ionizing radiation is used to produce vari
48、ous desired effects in products. Examples include the sterilization of medical products, processing of food, modification of polymers, irradiation of electronic devices, and curing of inks, coatings, and adhesives(2,3). The absorbed doses employed vary according to the application. The doses cover a
49、 range from about10Gy to more than100kGy. 4) The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of this guide.BSISO15556:1998 BSI 04-2000 3 4.2 Regulations for sterilization of medical products and radiation processing of food exist in many countries. These regulations may require that the response of the dosimetry system be calibrated and traceable to national standards (4,5,6). Adequate dosimetry, with proper statistical controls and documentation, is necessary to ensure that the products are properly proce
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